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Category Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21

GIFtS
-

GAST Gene

protein-coding GIFtS: 57
GCID: GC17P039868

gastrin

(Previous symbol: GAS)

Explore 154 diseases affiliated with
GAST via

MalaCards

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Human Malady Compendium

(According to ¹HGNC, ²Entrez Gene,
³UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ⁴UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁵OMIM, ⁶GeneLoc, ⁷Ensembl, ⁸DME, ⁹miRBase, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
About This Section

Aliases
Gastrin¹
GAS¹ ² ³ ⁵

External Ids:	HGNC: 4164¹	Entrez Gene: 2520²	Ensembl: ENSG00000184502⁷	OMIM: 137250⁵	UniProtKB: P01350³

Export aliases for GAST gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC17P037124 GC17P035631

(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

Entrez Gene summary for GAST:

Gastrin is a hormone whose main function is to stimulate secretion of hydrochloric acid by the gastric mucosa, which

results in gastrin formation inhibition. This hormone also acts as a mitogenic factor for gastrointestinal epithelial

cells. Gastrin has two biologically active peptide forms, G34 and G17. (provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: GAST_HUMAN, P01350

Function: Gastrin stimulates the stomach mucosa to produce and secrete hydrochloric acid and the pancreas to secrete

its digestive enzymes. It also stimulates smooth muscle contraction and increases blood circulation and water

secretion in the stomach and intestine

Gene Wiki entry for GAST (Gastrin)

(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section

RefSeq DNA sequence:

NC_000017.10 NC_018928.1 NT_010783.15

Regulatory elements:

SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the GAST gene promoter:
C/EBPbeta Sp1 AP-1 ATF-2 STAT5A IRF-1 c-Jun
Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmid: GAST promoter sequence

Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for GAST

Epigenetics:

QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat GAST

Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 17q21 Ensembl cytogenetic band: 17q21.2 HGNC cytogenetic band: 17q21.2

GAST Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
GAST gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 17 GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC17P039868: view genomic region (about GC identifiers)

Start:	39,868,578 bp from pter	End:	39,872,221 bp from pter
Size:	3,644 bases	Orientation:	plus strand

(According to ¹UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to ²PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: GAST_HUMAN, P01350 (See protein sequence)

Recommended Name: Gastrin precursor

Size: 101 amino acids; 11394 Da

Subcellular location: Secreted

Secondary accessions: P78463 P78464

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for GAST: NX_P01350

Post-translational modifications:

Two different processing pathways probably exist in antral G-cells. In the dominant pathway progastrin is cleaved at

three sites resulting in two major bioactive gastrins, gastrin-34 and gastrin-17. In the putative alternative pathway,

progastrin may be processed only at the most C-terminal dibasic site resulting in the synthesis of gastrin-71¹

Sulfation enhances proteolytic processing, and blocks peptide degradation. Levels of sulfation differ between

proteolytically-cleaved gastrins. Thus, gastrin-6 is almost 73% sulfated, whereas the larger gastrins are less than

50% sulfated. Sulfation levels are also tissue-specific¹

View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus²

View neXtProt modification sites for NX_P01350

GAST Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb: About this image

REFSEQ proteins: NP_000796.1

ENSEMBL proteins:

ENSP00000331358

Reactome Protein details: P01350
Human Recombinant Protein Products:

	Browse Purified and Recombinant Proteins at EMD Millipore
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	ProSpec Recombinant Protein for GAST
	Uscn Proteins for GAST

Gene Ontology (GO): 1 cellular component term (GO ID links to tree view): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	--

GAST for ontologies About GeneDecksing

GAST Antibody Products:

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	Uscn Antibodies for GAST
	ThermoFisher Antibodies for GAST

Assay Products for GAST:

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	Enzo Life Sciences assays for GAST
	Uscn ELISAs and CLIAs for GAST

(According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
About This Section

GAST for domains About GeneDecksing

2 InterPro domains/families:

IPR001651 Gastrin

IPR013152 Gastrin/cholecystokinin_CS

Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry P01350

ProtoNet protein and cluster: P01350

1 Blocks protein family: IPB001651 Gastrin/cholecystokinin peptide hormone

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: GAST_HUMAN, P01350

Similarity: Belongs to the gastrin/cholecystokinin family

(According to ¹UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or ²DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
About This Section

Function Summary:

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: GAST_HUMAN, P01350

Function: Gastrin stimulates the stomach mucosa to produce and secrete hydrochloric acid and the pancreas to secrete

its digestive enzymes. It also stimulates smooth muscle contraction and increases blood circulation and water

secretion in the stomach and intestine

Summary:

During embryonic development, GAST as signaling molecule

affects the following cells: Biliary Epithelial Cells in Intrahepatic Biliary Tree

miRNA Products:		Browse 3'-UTR reporter clones for miRNA target validation Browse MicroRNA Expression Plasmids
		QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat GAST
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Gene Editing
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		Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat GAST

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		Search LifeMap BioReagents cell lines for GAST

In Situ Assay
Products:

Search Advanced Cell Diagnostics for RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for GAST

Gene Ontology (GO): 2 molecular function terms (GO ID links to tree view): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0005179	hormone activity	IEA	--
GO:0005515	protein binding	--	--

GAST for ontologies           About GeneDecksing

Animal Models:
     Mouse knock-outs for GAST: Gast^tm1Tcw Gast^tm1Lcs Gast^tm1Psi
     6 MGI mutant phenotypes (inferred from 4 alleles) (MGI details for Gast):

digestive/alimentary	endocrine/exocrine gland	homeostasis/metabolism	immune system	mortality/aging
tumorigenesis

GAST for phenotypes About GeneDecksing

(Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to ¹UniProtKB, ²MINT, ³I2D, and/or ⁴STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
About This Section

Unified GeneCards pathways About this table

See pathways by source

Super-pathway

contained gene-specific pathways

Signaling by GPCR

	Signaling by GPCR	1.00			Signal Transduction	0.56
	GPCR downstream signaling	0.89

G alpha (q) signalling events

G alpha (q) signalling events

1.00

Gastrin-CREB signalling pathway via PKC and MAPK

0.90

Gastric acid secretion

Gastric acid secretion

1.00

Pathway sources
See GeneCards unified pathways
Show all pathways

5 Reactome Pathways for GAST

	GPCR downstream signaling
	Gastrin-CREB signalling pathway via PKC and MAPK
	Signal Transduction
	G alpha (q) signalling events
	Signaling by GPCR

1 Kegg Pathway (Kegg details for GAST):

Gastric acid secretion

GAST for pathways About GeneDecksing

Interactions:

SABiosciences Gene Network Central^TM Interacting Genes and Proteins Network for GAST

STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 25)

5/128 Interacting proteins for GAST (P01350^{2, 3} ENSP00000331358⁴) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 128)

Interactant		Interaction Details
GeneCard	External ID(s)	Interaction Details
TF	P02787²^,³, ENSP00000264998⁴	MINT-7212849 MINT-7212881 MINT-7212832 MINT-7212864 MINT-7212909 I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000264998
MME	P08473³, ENSP00000353679⁴	I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000353679
CP	P00450³, ENSP00000264613⁴	I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000264613
CPE	P16870³, ENSP00000386104⁴	I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000386104
MEP1B	Q16820³, ENSP00000269202⁴	I2D: score=2 STRING: ENSP00000269202

About this table

Gene Ontology (GO): 2 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0007165	signal transduction	NAS	7488110
GO:0007186	G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway	IEA	--

GAST for ontologies About GeneDecksing

(Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
About This Section

GAST for compounds About GeneDecksing

Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore

Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

Browse Tocris compounds for GAST
10/143 Novoseek chemical compound relationships for GAST gene (see all 143) About this table

Compound	-log (P-Val)	Hits	PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
pro-gastrin	94.8	207	14627349 (7), 16615003 (6), 12825873 (6), 11115822 (5) (see all 74)
gastrin 17	88.4	10	16143134 (7), 15362871 (1), 7851540 (1)
preprogastrin	83.4	8	1773057 (2), 15486344 (2), 2218398 (1)
pepsinogen	83.3	113	15298602 (7), 10102232 (7), 8642157 (6), 8053437 (5) (see all 37)
omeprazole	81.8	106	9536937 (4), 7942731 (4), 1459168 (4), 2104080 (3) (see all 62)
minigastrin	80.8	1	16204724 (1)
loxtidine	78.2	3	11025361 (1), 8898635 (1), 8097370 (1)
histalog	76.6	2	8975987 (1), 9172476 (1)
loxiglumide	76	32	1634067 (4), 8166452 (2), 7958670 (2), 7939393 (1) (see all 15)
ym022	75.2	3	15269153 (1), 8698625 (1)

Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about GAST

(Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN,
Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
About This Section

REFSEQ mRNAs for GAST gene:

NM_000805.4

Unigene Cluster for GAST:

Gastrin

Hs.2681 [show with all ESTs]

Unigene Representative Sequence: BM768289

1 Ensembl transcript including schematic representation, and UCSC links where relevant:

ENST00000329402(uc002hxl.3)

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		QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat GAST
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		OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for GAST (see all 7) OriGene shRNA RFP: GAST OriGene siRNA: GAST
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		GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector: GAST (NM_000805)
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		QIAGEN QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat GAST

Additional cDNA sequence:

BC069724.1 BC069762.1 V00511.1

1 DOTS entry:

DT.97843366

24/26 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 26):

BM765898 BM855359 BQ084163 BM768337 BQ083239 BM768289 BC069724 BM768748

BM768483 BM855583 BM855834 BM853900 BM830473 BM854691 BM856563 BM856458

NM_000805 V00511 BC069762 BM850374 BM855860 BM856272 BM854018 BM855956

GeneLoc Exon Structure

(RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
About This Section

GAST expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
About this imageBioGPS
CGAP TAG: GCTGGAGGAA

About this image

GAST expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells

Expression by the Database of Embryonic development, Stem cell research, and Regenerative medicine About this table

2 LifeMap In Vivo Development Anatomical Compartments/Cells

Tissue

Anatomical Compartment

Cell

Category (developmental path)

Skeletal Muscle

Hyoid Arch Muscles

Mononuclear Myocytes

Skeletal Muscle

Mandibular Arch Muscles

Mononuclear Myocytes

Skeletal Muscle

Expression:

Positive

Negative

Selective marker

Experimental details:

Curated

Microarrays

In-situ hybridization

See GAST Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
Genevestigator expression for GAST

SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.2681

SABiosciences Custom PCR Arrays for GAST

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In Situ
Assay Products:

Search Advanced Cell Diagnostics for RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for GAST

(Orthologs according to ^1,2HomoloGene (²older version, for species not in ¹newer version), ³euGenes, ⁴SGD , ⁵MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or ⁶Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
About This Section

This gene was present in the common ancestor of human and mouse.

Orthologs for GAST gene from 1/6 species (see all 6) About this table

Organism	Taxonomic classification	Gene	Description	Human Similarity	Orthology Type	Details
mouse (Mus musculus)	Mammalia	Gast^{1 , 5}	gastrin^{1, 5}	80.67(n)¹ 70(a)¹		11 (63.46 cM)⁵ 14459¹ NM_010257.3¹ NP_034387.3¹ 100334407⁵

ENSEMBL Gene Tree for GAST (if available)
TreeFam Gene Tree for GAST (if available)

(Paralogs according to ¹HomoloGene,
²Ensembl, and ³SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to ⁴Pseudogene.org Build 68)
About This Section

(SNPs/Variants according to the ¹NCBI SNP Database, ²Ensembl, ³PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
About This Section

SNP ID	Valid	Clinical significance	Chr 17 pos	Sequence	#	AA Chg	Type	More	#	Allele freq	Pop	Total sample	More
Genomic Data					Transcription Related Data				Allele Frequencies
				--	--	--		--	--
rs184852708^1,2		--	39866622(+)	`AGGATA/GGTCTC`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs9893571^1,2	C,F,A,H,	--	39866640(+)	`TGACTG/TCGTGA`	1	--	us2k¹		5		NA WA	10
rs188070181^1,2		--	39866654(+)	`ACCTGC/GCTCAG`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs9914474^1,2	C,F,A,	--	39866695(+)	`gccacC/Taagcc`	1	--	us2k¹		1		WA	118
rs7223596^1,2	C,F,H,	--	39866697(+)	`CACCAC/AGCCTG`	1	--	us2k¹		8		NA WA CSA	249
rs192917710^1,2		--	39866699(+)	`CCAAGC/TCTGGC`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs9915474^1,2	C,A,H,	--	39866732(+)	`TGCCTA/GTGGAA`	1	--	us2k¹		4		NS EA WA	410
rs34997578^1,2	C,F,	--	39866816(+)	`CATAAC/ACCCCT`	1	--	us2k¹		7		NA WA CSA EA	366
rs185448463^1,2		--	39866948(+)	`CAGAGC/TTACAC`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs9913713^1,2	C,F,A,H,	--	39867051(+)	`TTGTCG/ATTTTC`	1	--	us2k¹		5		NS EA WA	514

HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for GAST (39868578 - 39872221 bp)
Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
Database of Genomic Variants (DGV): 2 variations for GAST
2 CNVs: 3145 4036

SABiosciences Cancer Mutation PCR Assays

QIAGEN SeqTarget long-range PCR primers in human, mouse, rat for resequencing GAST

DNA2.0 Custom Variant and Variant Library Synthesis for GAST

(in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Novoseek, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
About This Section

GAST for disorders           About GeneDecksing

OMIM gene information: 137250    OMIM disorders: --

20/154 diseases for GAST (see all 154):    About MalaCards

zollinger-ellison syndrome von hippel-lindau disease pyloric stenosis multiple endocrine neoplasia

duodenogastric reflux islet cell tumor end stage renal failure gastroesophageal reflux disease

mucinous cystadenocarcinoma autonomic neuropathy hypertrophic pyloric stenosis hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

postcholecystectomy syndrome ovarian mucinous cystadenocarcinoma familial isolated hyperparathyroidism barrett's esophagus

gastrinoma gastric mucosal hypertrophy duodenal ulcer duodenitis

20/27 diseases from the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database for GAST (see all 27):

Peptic ulcer Gastrinoma Gastritis Pernicious anemia

Gastric outlet obstruction Duodenogastric reflux Esophagitis Wermer syndrome

Diarrhea Pancreatic cancer Dyspepsia Carcinoma

Gastroesophageal reflux disease Ostertagiasis Hyperparathyroidism Duodenitis

Hypoglycemia Adenoma Vitamin B12 deficiency Somatostatinoma

10/96 Novoseek disease relationships for GAST gene (see all 96) About this table

Disease	-log (P-Val)	Hits	PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
zollinger-ellison syndrome	93.9	53	11136282 (2), 2103752 (2), 2188384 (1), 1940201 (1) (see all 45)
gastrinoma	93.7	120	9605259 (4), 11095444 (3), 2322109 (3), 2129824 (3) (see all 70)
gastritis atrophic	88	73	2323589 (5), 15932170 (3), 17261130 (3), 8723421 (2) (see all 43)
duodenal ulcer	86.2	170	2019363 (5), 7924733 (4), 8098023 (4), 16610039 (4) (see all 99)
gastritis	85.6	122	18237867 (5), 8053437 (3), 9759944 (3), 15191513 (2) (see all 77)
carcinoid	84.9	91	9465604 (3), 2049096 (3), 9752879 (3), 8204017 (2) (see all 64)
achlorhydria	83.6	14	10418939 (4), 17985088 (1), 19172694 (1), 17101553 (1) (see all 9)
multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1	82	20	1802924 (3), 11419921 (2), 8924487 (2), 8102327 (1) (see all 11)
ovarian stromal cancer	80.2	1	9575243 (1)
hypochlorhydria	78.9	11	7859584 (2), 8578237 (1), 16409664 (1), 19115463 (1) (see all 8)

Export disorders for GAST gene to outside databases

(in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via ¹Entrez Gene, ²UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ³HGNC, ⁴GAD, ⁵PharmGKB, ⁶HMDB, ⁷DrugBank, ⁸UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁹ Novoseek, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
About This Section

PubMed articles for GAST gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 1795):
(articles sorted by number of sources associating them with GAST)

Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
world of online information

Identification of gastrin component I as gastrin-71. The largest possible bioactive progastrin product. (PubMed id 8055952)^{1, 2, 9} Rehfeld J.F. and Johnsen A.H. (1994)
Post-poly(Glu) cleavage and degradation modified by O-sulfated tyrosine: a novel post-translational processing mechanism. (PubMed id 7530658)^{1, 2, 9} Rehfeld J.F.... Johnsen A.H. (1995)
The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PubMed id 15489334)^{1, 2} Gerhard D.S....Malek J. (2004)
Purification and structural determination of urinary NH2-terminal big gastrin fragments. (PubMed id 2730647)^{1, 2} Higashimoto Y....Tarui S. (1989)
Expression of human gastrin gene in normal and gastrinoma tissues. (PubMed id 3034736)^{1, 2} Kariya Y.... Matsubara K. (1986)
Structure of a human gastrin gene. (PubMed id 6322186)^{1, 2} Wiborg O.... Vuust J. (1984)
Structural analysis of the gene encoding human gastrin: the large intron contains an Alu sequence. (PubMed id 6087340)^{1, 2} Ito R.... Agarwal K.L. (1984)
Molecular cloning of human gastrin precursor cDNA. (PubMed id 6689486)^{1, 2} Kato K....Matsubara K. (1983)
Molecular cloning of the human gastrin gene. (PubMed id 6324077)^{1, 2} Kato K.... Matsubara K. (1983)
Molecular cloning of human gastrin cDNA: evidence for evolution of gastrin by gene duplication. (PubMed id 6574456)^{1, 2} Boel E....Marcker K.A. (1983)

(in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
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		AND	OR
Aliases
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(According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
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Entrez Gene: 2520	HGNC: 4164	AceView: GAS	Ensembl:ENSG00000184502	euGenes: HUgn2520
ECgene: GAST	Kegg: 2520	H-InvDB: GAST

(According to HUGE)
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(According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
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Name	Description
PharmGKB entry for GAST	Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways
Wikipedia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrin

Intellectual Property for GAST gene
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Carcinoma Islet Cell
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Serotonin syndrome
GASTRIC TUMOR
dysplasia
Gastrinoma
Polyps
COLON CARCINOMA
Somatostatinoma
Duodenogastric Reflux
Helicobacter Infections
Achlorhydria
Metaplasia
Esophagitis
primary tumor
Nesidioblastosis
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Adenocarcinoma
Hypoglycemia
THYROID CARCINOMA MEDULLARY
Gastroparesis
Cancer
Gastric mucosal atrophy
premalignant
Colorectal Carcinoma
Hypochlorhydria
Anemia Pernicious
ADENOCARCINOMA GASTRIC
Carcinoma Acinar Cell
GASTRITIS CHRONIC
GASTRIC CARCINOMA
motility disorder
Ulcer
PYLORIC ULCER
endocrine neoplasm
Colorectal Cancer
reflux
Duodenal erosion
Insulinoma
Vipoma
Melena
Pyloric Stenosis
Duodenal tumor
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
Duodenitis
AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY
Tumors
Metastasis
Islet Cell Tumor
Peptic Ulcer
COLON TUMOR
Barrett Esophagus
Gastric Cancer
Gastritis Atrophic
Colon Cancer
Hyperacidity
Pancreatic Insufficiency
Malabsorption
Adenomatous Polyps
Hyperplasia
Anemia Macrocytic
Menetrier Disease
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
ovarian stromal cancer
Carcinoma
Hyperparathyroidism
GASTROINTESTINAL TUMOR
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Duodenal polyp
GASTRIC POLYP
Carcinoid
Glucagonoma
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Pancreatic Cancer
PEPSINOGEN, GROUP I
gastric ulcer
Paraganglioma
small cell lung cancer
Neuroendocrine Tumors
FUNCTIONAL DYSPEPSIA
Pancreatic tumor
GASTRITIS EROSIVE
Early gastric cancer
hyperfunction
autoimmune thyroid disease
Gastritis
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM PRIMARY
Atrophy
Postcholecystectomy Syndrome
PANCREATIC CARCINOMA
liver metastases
DUODENAL ULCER DISEASE
Gastrointestinal carcinoma
Pancreatic Diseases
Carcinoma Neuroendocrine
Duodenal Ulcer

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GAST Gene

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