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Category Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21

GIFtS
-

GAL Gene

protein-coding GIFtS: 63
GCID: GC11P068451

galanin/GMAP prepropeptide

(Previous names: galanin, galanin prepropeptide )
(Previous symbol: GALN)

Explore 102 diseases affiliated with
GAL via

MalaCards

our new
Human Malady Compendium

(According to ¹HGNC, ²Entrez Gene,
³UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ⁴UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁵OMIM, ⁶GeneLoc, ⁷Ensembl, ⁸DME, ⁹miRBase, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
About This Section

Aliases
Galanin/GMAP Prepropeptide¹ ²		Galanin¹
GALN¹ ² ³ ⁵		Galanin Peptides²
GLNN¹ ² ³ ⁵		Galanin-Message-Associated Peptide²
GAL-GMAP¹ ²		Galanin-Related Peptide²
GMAP¹ ²		GAL1³
Galanin Prepropeptide¹ ²

External Ids:	HGNC: 4114¹	Entrez Gene: 51083²	Ensembl: ENSG00000069482⁷	OMIM: 137035⁵	UniProtKB: P22466³

Export aliases for GAL gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC11P070974 GC11P070148 GC11P068701 GC11P068227 GC11P068206 GC11P068208 GC11P064788

(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

Entrez Gene summary for GAL:

Galanin is small neuropeptide that functions as a cellular messenger within the central and peripheral nervous systems,

modulating diverse physiologic functions (Mechenthaler, 2008 (PubMed 18500643)).(supplied by OMIM, Jan 2009)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: GALA_HUMAN, P22466

Function: Contracts smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract, regulates growth hormone release,

modulates insulin release, and may be involved in the control of adrenal secretion

summary for GAL:

Galanin is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and the endocrine system. Three

different galanin receptors (GAL1-3) have been identified which are Gi/o-protein-coupled. They are highly

expressed in hypothalamic nuclei and the brainstem. In addition, they are found in proliferating zones of

the fetal and adult brain and in peripheral tissues including the pancreas, heart, skin and gastrointestinal

tract. Galanin receptors mediate a variety of physiological functions including inhibition of

glucose-induced insulin secretion, stimulation of growth hormone release and modulation of gastrointestinal

motility. These receptors also modulate neuronal functions including memory, nociception, spinal reflexes

and feeding. Disruption of galanin expression or galanin receptor signaling is seen in many multifactoral

conditions, suggesting a role in the development and/or pathology of certain diseases. These include

Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, diabetes, alcoholism, neuropathic pain and cancer.

Gene Wiki entry for GAL (Galanin)

(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section

RefSeq DNA sequence:

NC_000011.9 NC_018922.1 NT_167190.1

Regulatory elements:

SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the GAL gene promoter:
GR p53 AP-1 ATF-2 CREB deltaCREB c-Jun GR-alpha
Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmid: GAL promoter sequence

Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for GAL

Epigenetics:

QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat GAL

Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 11q13.3 Ensembl cytogenetic band: 11q13.3 HGNC cytogenetic band: 11q13.2

GAL Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
GAL gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 11 GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC11P068451: view genomic region (about GC identifiers)

Start:	68,451,247 bp from pter	End:	68,458,643 bp from pter
Size:	7,397 bases	Orientation:	plus strand

(According to ¹UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to ²PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: GALA_HUMAN, P22466 (See protein sequence)

Recommended Name: Galanin peptides precursor

Size: 123 amino acids; 13302 Da

Subcellular location: Secreted

Secondary accessions: Q14413

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for GAL: NX_P22466

Post-translational modifications:

View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus²

View neXtProt modification sites for NX_P22466

GAL Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb: About this image

REFSEQ proteins: NP_057057.2

ENSEMBL proteins:

ENSP00000265643

Reactome Protein details: P22466
Human Recombinant Protein Products:

	Browse Purified and Recombinant Proteins at EMD Millipore
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	Novus Biologicals GAL Protein Novus Biologicals GAL Lysate
	Browse Sino Biological Recombinant Proteins
	Browse ProSpec Recombinant Proteins
	Uscn Proteins for GAL

Gene Ontology (GO): 5 cellular component terms (GO ID links to tree view): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0005575	cellular_component	ND	--
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	--
GO:0005737	cytoplasm	--	--
GO:0005794	Golgi apparatus	IEA	--
GO:0030141	secretory granule	IEA	--

GAL for ontologies About GeneDecksing

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	Uscn Antibodies for GAL
	ThermoFisher Antibody for GAL

Assay Products for GAL:

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	GenScript Custom Assay Services for GAL
	Browse Enzo Life Sciences for kits & assays
	Uscn ELISAs and CLIAs for GAL

(According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
About This Section

GAL for domains About GeneDecksing

3 InterPro domains/families:

IPR008174 Galanin

IPR013068 GMAP

IPR008175 Galanin_pre

Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry P22466

ProtoNet protein and cluster: P22466

2 Blocks protein families:

IPB008174 Galanin

IPB013068 Galanin message associated peptide (GMAP)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: GALA_HUMAN, P22466

Similarity: Belongs to the galanin family

(According to ¹UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or ²DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
About This Section

Function Summary:

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: GALA_HUMAN, P22466

Function: Contracts smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract, regulates growth hormone release,

modulates insulin release, and may be involved in the control of adrenal secretion

Genatlas biochemistry entry for GAL:

preprogalanin,including galanin and galanin message associated peptide,widely distributed in peripheral and central

nervous system,eliciting numerous functions,including inhibition of neurotransmitter release,regulation of pituitary

hormone secretion and possibly food intake; also coexpressed with GALNR1 in ciliary epithelium

miRNA Products:		Browse 3'-UTR reporter clones for miRNA target validation Browse MicroRNA Expression Plasmids
		QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat GAL
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Inhib. RNA Products:		Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
		OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for GAL (see all 7) OriGene shRNA RFP: GAL OriGene siRNA: GAL
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Gene Editing
Products:

DNA2.0 Custom Protein Engineering Service for GAL

Clone Products:		Browse Clones for the Expression of Recombinant Proteins Available from EMD Millipore
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Cell Line Products:		GenScript Custom overexpressing Cell Line Services for GAL
		Search LifeMap BioReagents cell lines for GAL

In Situ Assay
Products:

Search Advanced Cell Diagnostics for RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for GAL

Gene Ontology (GO): 1 molecular function term (GO ID links to tree view): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0005184	neuropeptide hormone activity	NAS	1722333

GAL for ontologies About GeneDecksing

1 GenomeRNAi human phenotype for GAL:

Increased gamma-H2AX phosphory

Animal Models:
Mouse knock-out Gal^tm1Wyn for GAL
8 MGI mutant phenotypes (inferred from 1 allele) (MGI details for Gal):

behavior/neurological	cellular	endocrine/exocrine gland	growth/size	homeostasis/metabolism
integument	nervous system	reproductive system

GAL for phenotypes About GeneDecksing

(Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to ¹UniProtKB, ²MINT, ³I2D, and/or ⁴STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
About This Section

Unified GeneCards pathways About this table

See pathways by source

Super-pathway

contained gene-specific pathways

Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors)

	Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors)	1.00			Peptide ligand-binding receptors	0.61
	GPCR ligand binding	0.75			G alpha (i) signalling events	0.44

Signaling by GPCR

	Signaling by GPCR	1.00			Signal Transduction	0.56
	GPCR downstream signaling	0.89

Neuropeptides signaling through G-protein alpha-i & G-protein alpha-q

Neuropeptides signaling through G-protein alpha-i & G-protein alpha-q

1.00

Selected targets of ESR1

Selected targets of ESR1

1.00

Selected targets of CREB1

Selected targets of CREB1

1.00

Pathway sources
See GeneCards unified pathways
Show all pathways

3 EMD Millipore Pathways for GAL

	Selected targets of CREB1
	Selected targets of ESR1
	Neuropeptides signaling through G-protein alpha-i & G-protein alpha-q

5/7 Reactome Pathways for GAL (see all 7)

	GPCR downstream signaling
	Peptide ligand-binding receptors
	Signal Transduction
	Signaling by GPCR
	G alpha (i) signalling events

GAL for pathways About GeneDecksing

Interactions:

SABiosciences Gene Network Central^TM Interacting Genes and Proteins Network for GAL

STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 25)

5/146 Interacting proteins for GAL (P22466^{2, 3} ENSP00000265643⁴) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 146)

Interactant		Interaction Details
GeneCard	External ID(s)	Interaction Details
GALR2	O43603³, ENSP00000329684⁴	I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000329684
GALR1	P47211³, ENSP00000299727⁴	I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000299727
GPR151	Q8TDV0³, ENSP00000308733⁴	I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000308733
ADCY2	ENSP00000342952⁴	STRING: ENSP00000342952
ADORA1	ENSP00000308549⁴	STRING: ENSP00000308549

About this table

Gene Ontology (GO): 5/15 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 15): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0006939	smooth muscle contraction	NAS	--
GO:0006950	response to stress	--	--
GO:0006954	inflammatory response	IEA	--
GO:0007218	neuropeptide signaling pathway	IEA	--
GO:0007399	nervous system development	IEA	--

GAL for ontologies About GeneDecksing

(Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
About This Section

GAL for compounds About GeneDecksing

Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore

Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

Compounds for GAL available from Tocris Bioscience About this table

Compound	Action	CAS #
M617	Selective GAL1 agonist	[860790-38-1]
Kainic acid	Potent excitant and neurotoxin	[487-79-6]
Galnon	Non-selective galanin receptor agonist	[475115-35-6]
Galanin (1-30) (human)	Endogenous galanin receptor agonist	[119418-04-1]
M871	Selective GAL2 antagonist	[908844-75-7]

10/108 Novoseek chemical compound relationships for GAL gene (see all 108) About this table

Compound	-log (P-Val)	Hits	PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
gal 1	92.8	185	9455920 (10), 10764829 (8), 19011096 (6), 19407817 (5) (see all 83)
(h,g)-a-l	86.7	8	7686918 (1), 7534460 (1), 7539818 (1), 8930940 (1) (see all 7)
galantide	84.2	21	18362840 (3), 17477304 (3), 7518053 (3), 11005758 (1) (see all 7)
enterostatin	78.5	7	11732637 (1), 12612162 (1), 8221149 (1), 16149568 (1) (see all 7)
galp	71.1	20	17604107 (2), 15099568 (2), 16787232 (2), 14988032 (2) (see all 9)
helospectin	69.1	2	1335445 (1), 1605004 (1)
pgal	61.4	1	9061507 (1)
hexarelin	54.5	17	9854683 (6), 10754475 (1)
pyridostigmine	52.4	47	9026681 (4), 1283383 (4), 10754475 (3), 1692988 (2) (see all 8)
norepinephrine	51.3	101	11409758 (5), 15944024 (5), 12801593 (5), 9032095 (4) (see all 43)

Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about GAL / GALA

(Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN,
Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
About This Section

REFSEQ mRNAs for GAL gene:

NM_015973.3

Unigene Cluster for GAL:

Galanin/GMAP prepropeptide

Hs.278959 [show with all ESTs]

Unigene Representative Sequence: BQ888773

2 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant:

ENST00000538401 ENST00000265643(uc001oob.3)

miRNA Products:		Browse 3'-UTR reporter clones for miRNA target validation Browse OriGene MicroRNA Expression Plasmids
		QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat GAL
		Search QIAGEN for miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate GAL
		SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: GAL 3' UTR sequence

Inhib. RNA Products:		Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
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		GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector (see all 3): GAL (NM_000153)
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		QIAGEN QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat GAL

Additional cDNA sequence:

AF077047.1 BC030241.1 M77140.1

2 DOTS entries:

DT.108209 DT.91765148

24/77 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 77):

BE503279 AW590258 BM129549 BF059503 AI337122 BE672134 BM764546 BG675116

AL556409 BC030241 AV745387 AV745385 AV745983 BM764944 AV745443 BM846531

BU930913 M77140 NM_015973 BM841367 BM745398 AA760994 BM740781 BM794204

GeneLoc Exon Structure

(RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
About This Section

GAL expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
About this imageBioGPS
CGAP TAG: --

About this image

GAL expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells

Expression by the Database of Embryonic development, Stem cell research, and Regenerative medicine About this table

5 LifeMap In Vivo Development Anatomical Compartments/Cells

Tissue

Anatomical Compartment

Cell

Category (developmental path)

Heart

Atrioventricular Canal

Atrioventricular Canal Cells

Myocardium

Ovary

Dorsal Pancreatic Bud

Immature Beta Progenitor Cells

Pancreas

Ventral Pancreatic Bud

Immature Beta Progenitor Cells

Pancreas

Limb

Limb Bud

Limb

Expression:

Positive

Negative

Selective marker

Experimental details:

Curated

Microarrays

In-situ hybridization

Stem Cell Differentiation: 8 LifeMap Cells

Name

Category

ES04(HES-4) (Embryonic Stem Cell)

Early Embryo, Inner Cell Mass

Line H7 (WA07) (Embryonic Stem Cell)

Early Embryo, Inner Cell Mass

Line H9 (WA09) (Embryonic Stem Cell)

Early Embryo, Inner Cell Mass

Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells - Passage 2 (Differentiation of ...)

Definitive endoderm-like cells (A scalable, suspensi...)

Matrigel embedded cells (Derivation of cardio...)

Intervertebral disc (IVD) annulus fibrosus (AF) cells (Differentiation of s...)

Cartilage

HyStem+TGF?3+GDF5-induced 7SMOO32 cells (HyStem+TGF?3+GDF5 in...)

Bone, Cartilage

See GAL Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
Genevestigator expression for GAL

SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.278959

SABiosciences Expression via Pathway-Focused PCR Arrays including GAL:

Obesity in human mouse rat

Neurotoxicity in human mouse rat

Embryonic Stem Cells in human mouse rat

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		QIAGEN QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat GAL

In Situ
Assay Products:

Search Advanced Cell Diagnostics for RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for GAL

(Orthologs according to ^1,2HomoloGene (²older version, for species not in ¹newer version), ³euGenes, ⁴SGD , ⁵MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or ⁶Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
About This Section

This gene was present in the common ancestor of chordates.

Orthologs for GAL gene from 3/9 species (see all 9) About this table

Organism	Taxonomic classification	Gene	Description	Human Similarity	Details
mouse (Mus musculus)	Mammalia	Gal^{1 , 5}	galanin^{1, 5}	75.34(n)¹ 70.73(a)¹	19 (3.16 cM)⁵ 14419¹ NM_010253.3¹ NP_034383.1¹ 3409917⁵
chicken (Gallus gallus)	Aves	GAL¹	galanin prepropeptide	63.27(n) 62.04(a)	423117 NM_001159678.1 NP_001153150.1
zebrafish (Danio rerio)	Actinopterygii	LOC100006361¹	galanin-like	58.88(n) 54.21(a)	100006361 XM_001920300.2 XP_001920335.1

ENSEMBL Gene Tree for GAL (if available)
TreeFam Gene Tree for GAL (if available)

(Paralogs according to ¹HomoloGene,
²Ensembl, and ³SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to ⁴Pseudogene.org Build 68)
About This Section

(SNPs/Variants according to the ¹NCBI SNP Database, ²Ensembl, ³PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
About This Section

SNP ID	Valid	Clinical significance	Chr 11 pos	Sequence	#	AA Chg	Type	More	#	Allele freq	Pop	Total sample	More
Genomic Data					Transcription Related Data				Allele Frequencies
				--	--	--		--	--
rs948854^1,2	C,F,A,H,	--	68450203(-)	`GAGGCA/GGAGGA`	1	--	us2k¹		13		NA WA CSA EA	380
rs142692750^1,2		--	68450210(+)	`CCTCTC/TGGCTG`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs116024295^1,2	F,	--	68450211(+)	`CTCTCG/AGCTGT`	1	--	us2k¹		1		WA	118
rs2097042^1,2	C,F,A,H,	--	68450314(-)	`ATTTCA/GGAGCC`	1	--	us2k¹		25		NS EA NA WA CSA	2353
rs151008817^1,2		--	68450316(+)	`CTCCGA/TAATCA`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs1893679^1,2	C,F,O,A,H,	--	68450330(-)	`TAGGAG/CTCACA`	1	--	us2k¹		18		MN NS EA NA WA CSA	1150
rs948853^1,2	A,	--	68450567(-)	`TCTGGC/TGAAGG`	1	--	us2k¹		1		MN	184
rs948852^1,2	C,F,A,	--	68450573(-)	`AAGAAA/CTCTGG`	1	--	us2k¹		10		MN WA NA CSA EA	554
rs75350102^1,2	F,	--	68450846(+)	`GAGGGG/AAGGTC`	1	--	us2k¹		1		WA	118
rs191312059^1,2		--	68450885(+)	`CTCTTC/TGGAAG`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--

HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for GAL (68451247 - 68458643 bp)
Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
Database of Genomic Variants (DGV): 2 variations for GAL
2 CNVs: 85830 75687
Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): GAL

SABiosciences Cancer Mutation PCR Assays

QIAGEN SeqTarget long-range PCR primers in human, mouse, rat for resequencing GAL

DNA2.0 Custom Variant and Variant Library Synthesis for GAL

(in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Novoseek, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
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GAL for disorders           About GeneDecksing

OMIM gene information: 137035    OMIM disorders: --

20/102 diseases for GAL (see all 102):    About MalaCards

alzheimer's disease spinal cord injury alcoholism normal pressure hydrocephalus

dna topoisomerase i seasonal affective disorder short stature alcohol abuse

anorexia nervosa anxiety disorder type 2 diabetes mellitus eating disorder

autonomic dysfunction bulimia nervosa pain disorder mood disorder

diabetes mellitus ganglioneuroma pituitary adenoma polycystic ovary syndrome

3 diseases from the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database for GAL:

Alzheimer's disease Hepatitis Mononeuropathy

10/77 Novoseek disease relationships for GAL gene (see all 77) About this table

Disease	-log (P-Val)	Hits	PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
trophoblastic tumor	50.5	5	15221419 (2), 16607538 (1)
alzheimers disease	41.5	63	7510783 (4), 9928179 (3), 11826038 (2), 14993421 (2) (see all 30)
pituitary tumors	36.3	4	10098517 (2), 7694774 (1), 10199778 (1)
acromegaly	34	22	18617732 (5), 7536207 (4), 7680832 (4), 7508379 (3) (see all 7)
pituitary adenoma	30.3	9	10199778 (2), 11940053 (2), 14700749 (2), 1719117 (1) (see all 5)
ganglioneuroma	28.7	3	1718239 (1), 11857022 (1), 11867941 (1)
prolactinoma	27.5	2	10686432 (1), 9928158 (1)
insulinoma	27.1	6	1699538 (2), 7536469 (1), 1370155 (1)
neuroendocrine tumors	22.8	9	1718239 (4), 12966352 (1), 18288336 (1), 15944034 (1) (see all 6)
small cell lung cancer	22.3	5	1314136 (1), 1711414 (1), 17906699 (1), 1705478 (1) (see all 5)

Genetic Association Database (GAD): GAL
Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: GAL (53 documents)

Export disorders for GAL gene to outside databases

(in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via ¹Entrez Gene, ²UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ³HGNC, ⁴GAD, ⁵PharmGKB, ⁶HMDB, ⁷DrugBank, ⁸UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁹ Novoseek, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
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PubMed articles for GAL gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 839):
(articles sorted by number of sources associating them with GAL)

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Genomic organization and localization of the gene encoding human preprogalanin. (PubMed id 7508413)^{1, 2, 3} Evans H.... Herzog H. (1993)
Association of galanin haplotypes with alcoholism and anxiety in two ethnically distinct populations. (PubMed id 16314872)^{1, 4, 9} Belfer I....Enoch M.A. (2006)
Human galanin (GAL) and galanin 1 receptor (GALR1) variations are not involved in fat intake and early onset obesity. (PubMed id 15930442)^{1, 4, 9} Schauble N....Hinney A. (2005)
Sequence of human galanin and its inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from RIN cells. (PubMed id 1370155)^{1, 2, 9} McKnight G.L.... Taborsky G.L. (1992)
Isolation and primary structure of pituitary human galanin, a 30- residue nonamidated neuropeptide. (PubMed id 1722333)^{1, 2, 9} Schmidt W.E.... Creutzfeldt W. (1991)
Identification and characterization of phosphorylated proteins in the human pituitary. (PubMed id 14997482)^{1, 2} Giorgianni F.... Desiderio D.M. (2004)
Human galanin: primary structure and identification of two molecular forms. (PubMed id 1710578)^{1, 2} Bersani M....Holst J.J. (1991)
Galanin in pituitary adenomas. (PubMed id 14700749)^{1, 9} Grenback E....Hulting A.L. (2004)
Galanin: a biologically active peptide. (PubMed id 12769595)^{1, 9} Vrontakis M.E. (2002)
Functional and immunocytochemical evidence that galanin is a physiological regulator of human jejunal motility. (PubMed id 11595426)^{1, 9} Balint A....Varga G. (2001)

(in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
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		AND	OR
Aliases
Disorders
Free Text

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(According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
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Entrez Gene: 51083	HGNC: 4114	AceView: GAL	Ensembl:ENSG00000069482	euGenes: HUgn51083
ECgene: GAL	H-InvDB: GAL

(According to HUGE)
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(According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
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Name	Description
PharmGKB entry for GAL	Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways

Intellectual Property for GAL gene
(Patent information from GeneIP, Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts, IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)

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Patent Information for GAL gene:
Search GeneIP for patents involving GAL

GeneCards and IP:
Japan Patent Office Licenses GeneCards European Patent Office Licenses GeneCards Improving the IP Search

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galanin/GMAP prepropeptide

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GAL Gene

galanin/GMAP prepropeptide

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