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EPYC Gene

protein-coding GIFtS: 53
GCID: GC12M091357

Epiphycan

(Previous names: dermatan sulphate proteoglycan 3, dermatan sulfate proteoglycan...)
(Previous symbol: DSPG3)

See EPYC-related disease
at

MalaCards

(According to ¹HGNC, ²Entrez Gene,
³UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ⁴UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁵OMIM, ⁶GeneLoc, ⁷Ensembl, ⁸DME, ⁹miRBase, ¹⁰fRNAdb, ¹²H-InvDB, ¹³NCBI, ¹⁴NONCODE, and/or ¹⁵RNAdb)
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Aliases
epiphycan¹ ²		SLRR3B² ³
DSPG3¹ ² ³ ⁵		Dermatan Sulphate Proteoglycan 3¹
Dermatan Sulfate Proteoglycan 3¹ ² ³		Pg-Lb²
Epiphycan Proteoglycan¹ ²		proteoglycan-lb²
Small Chondroitin/Dermatan Sulfate Proteoglycan² ³		PG-Lb³
PGLB² ³		Proteoglycan-Lb³

External Ids:	HGNC: 3053¹	Entrez Gene: 1833²	Ensembl: ENSG00000083782⁷	OMIM: 601657⁵	UniProtKB: Q99645³

Export aliases for EPYC gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC12M089881 GC12M088425

(According to Entrez Gene, GeneCards, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
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Entrez Gene summary for EPYC Gene:

Dermatan sulfate proteoglycan 3 is a member of the small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycan family. This gene is

composed of seven exons. It regulates fibrillogenesis by interacting with collagen fibrils and other

extracellular matrix proteins. (provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008)

GeneCards Summary for EPYC Gene:

EPYC (epiphycan) is a protein-coding gene. Diseases associated with EPYC include posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy. GO annotations related to this gene include glycosaminoglycan binding. An important paralog of this gene is OGN.

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: EPYC_HUMAN, Q99645

Function: May have a role in bone formation and also in establishing the ordered structure of cartilage through

matrix organization

(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 75), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
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RefSeq DNA sequence at NCBI GenBank:

NC_000012.11 NC_018923.2 NT_029419.13

Regulatory elements:

Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the EPYC gene promoter:
Nkx3-1 TBP Nkx3-1 v4 Nkx3-1 v1 CUTL1 Nkx3-1 v2 SRY S8 HFH-1 Nkx3-1 v3
Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmid: EPYC promoter sequence

Search Chromatin IP Primers for EPYC

Epigenetics:

DNA Methylation CpG Assay Predesigned for Pyrosequencing in human, mouse, rat EPYC

Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 12q21 Ensembl cytogenetic band: 12q21.33 HGNC cytogenetic band: 12q21

EPYC Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
EPYC gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 12 GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC12M091357: view genomic region (about GC identifiers)

Start:	91,357,456 bp from pter	End:	91,398,803 bp from pter
Size:	41,348 bases	Orientation:	minus strand

(According to ¹UniProtKB, HORDE, ²neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, Cloud-Clone Corp., eBioscience, and/or antibodies-online,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, Cloud-Clone Corp., eBioscience, and/or antibodies-online, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, Cloud-Clone Corp, antibodies-online, and/or others.)
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UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: EPYC_HUMAN, Q99645 (See protein sequence)

Recommended Name: Epiphycan precursor

Size: 322 amino acids; 36637 Da

Secondary accessions: A8K3M7 Q8NEJ5

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for EPYC: NX_Q99645

Explore proteomics data for EPYC at MOPED

Post-translational modifications:

The O-linked polysaccharides on Thr-60 and Ser-96 are probably the mucin type linked to GalNAc. There is one

glycosaminoglycan chain, known to be dermatan sulfate, and it is probably the O-glycosylation at Ser-64 (By

similarity)¹

Glycosylation² at Thr60, Ser64, Ser96, Asn283, Asn302

Modification sites at PhosphoSitePlus

See EPYC Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED, PaxDB, and MaxQB

REFSEQ proteins: NP_004941.2

ENSEMBL proteins:

ENSP00000261172 ENSP00000448272

EPYC Human Recombinant Protein Products:

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	antibodies-online proteins for EPYC (5 products)
	antibodies-online peptides for EPYC

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EPYC Assay Products:

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(According to HGNC, IUPHAR, InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
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HGNC Gene Families:

SLRR: Proteoglycans / Extracellular Matrix : Small leucine-rich repeats

3 InterPro protein domains:

IPR001611 Leu-rich_rpt

IPR000372 LRR-contain_N

IPR027217 Epiphycan

Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry Q99645

ProtoNet protein and cluster: Q99645

1 Blocks protein domain: IPB000372 Cysteine-rich flanking region

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: EPYC_HUMAN, Q99645

Similarity: Belongs to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family. SLRP class III subfamily

Similarity: Contains 6 LRR (leucine-rich) repeats

Similarity: Contains 1 LRRNT domain

Find genes that share domains with EPYC About GenesLikeMe

(According to ¹UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or ²DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013, genOway,
transcription factor targeting from QIAGEN and/or HOMER, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase, shRNA from OriGene, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, SwitchGear Genomics, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from OriGene, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs and/or Addgene, Cell Lines from GenScript, ESI BIO, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Flow cytometry from eBioscience, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Apr 2014 via Entrez Gene.)
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Molecular Function:

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary: EPYC_HUMAN, Q99645

Function: May have a role in bone formation and also in establishing the ordered structure of cartilage through

matrix organization

Gene Ontology (GO): 2 molecular function terms: About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0005515	protein binding	--	--
GO:0005539	glycosaminoglycan binding	TAS	8975717

Find genes that share ontologies with EPYC About GenesLikeMe

Animal Models:

genOway: Develop your customized and physiologically relevant rodent model for EPYC

miRNA Products:		Block miRNA regulation of human, mouse, rat EPYC using miScript Target Protectors
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In Situ Assay
Products:

Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for EPYC

(According to UniProtKB, COMPARTMENTS Subcellular localization database, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Apr 2014 via Entrez Gene.)
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Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

EPYC_HUMAN, Q99645: Secreted, extracellular space, extracellular matrix (By similarity)

Subcellular locations from COMPARTMENTS:

Compartment	Confidence
extracellular	3
cytosol	1
endoplasmic reticulum	1
nucleus	1

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Gene Ontology (GO): 1 cellular component term: About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0005578	proteinaceous extracellular matrix	IEA	--

Find genes that share ontologies with EPYC About GenesLikeMe

(SuperPaths according to PathCards, Pathways according to R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Sino Biological, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to QIAGEN, and/or STRING, Interactions according to ¹UniProtKB, ²MINT, ³I2D, and/or ⁴STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Apr 2014 via Entrez Gene).
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Selected Downloadable PowerPoint Slides of GeneGlobe Pathway Central Maps for EPYC (see all 13)

	MAPK Signaling
	Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer
	PTEN Pathway
	Transendothelial Migration of Leukocytes
	UPA-UPAR Pathway

Custom Pathway & Disease-focused RT² Profiler PCR Arrays for EPYC
Interactions:

Search GeneGlobe Interaction Network for EPYC

STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 6)

Selected Interacting proteins for EPYC (ENSP00000261172⁴) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 6)

Interactant		Interaction Details
GeneCard	External ID(s)	Interaction Details
BOC	ENSP00000347546⁴	STRING: ENSP00000347546
LRRTM1	ENSP00000295057⁴	STRING: ENSP00000295057
PDGFRL	ENSP00000251630⁴	STRING: ENSP00000251630
FGFRL1	ENSP00000264748⁴	STRING: ENSP00000264748
CAB39	ENSP00000258418⁴	STRING: ENSP00000258418

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Gene Ontology (GO): 1 biological process term: About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0007565	female pregnancy	TAS	8975717

Find genes that share ontologies with EPYC About GenesLikeMe

(Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience, ApexBio, HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, Ligands according to IUPHAR, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB)
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Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore

Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

Browse compounds at ApexBio

Browse Tocris compounds for EPYC

(Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
Unigene (Build 236 Homo sapiens; Apr 25 2013) or GenBank,
RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN, SwitchGear Genomics,
Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, and/or Addgene, Primers from OriGene, and/or QIAGEN, Flow cytometry from eBioscience )
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REFSEQ mRNAs for EPYC gene:

NM_004950.4

Unigene Cluster for EPYC:

Epiphycan

Hs.435680 [show with all ESTs]

Unigene Representative Sequence: BC030958

3 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant:

ENST00000261172(uc001tbk.3) ENST00000551767 ENST00000550203

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Additional mRNA sequence:

AK290642.1 BC030958.1 U59111.1

2 DOTS entries:

DT.409206 DT.75119242

Selected AceView cDNA sequences (see all 43):

BQ006809 BQ015670 AU118100 CR598976 CR612682 AU099648 BX365045 AU117240

AA456742 AI276878 AU118612 BX343971 AU119962 CA412703 BC030958 CF529374

AL549460 BQ448017 BQ007792 BQ002814 U59111 BX343970 BF062835 NM_004950

GeneLoc Exon Structure

2 Alternative Splicing Database (ASD) splice patterns (SP) for EPYC About this scheme

ExUns:	1	^	2	^	3a	·	3b	^	4	^	5	^	6	^	7
SP1:
SP2:

ECgene alternative splicing isoforms for EPYC

(RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE ¹MOPED, ²PaxDb, and ³MaxQB, plus additional links to SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
PCR Arrays from QIAGEN, Primers from OriGene, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
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EPYC expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
About this imageBioGPS <intensity>^2/3
CGAP TAG: AAAAAAAGAA

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EPYC expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells About this table

Data from LifeMap, the Embryonic Development and Stem Cells Database
selected tissues (see all 9) fully expand


Bone (Muscoskeletal System) fully expand to see all 23 entries
Chondrocytes Zeugopod Epiphyseal End
Zeugopod Long Bone
HyStem+BMP4-induced 4D20.8 cells

Cartilage (Muscoskeletal System) fully expand to see all 15 entries
Mesenchymal Condensate Cells Zeugopod
HyStem+BMP4-induced 4D20.8 cells

Neural Tube (Nervous System) fully expand to see all 3 entries
Telencephalon

Limb (Muscoskeletal System) fully expand to see all 2 entries
Mesenchymal Condensate Cells Zeugopod
Pelvic Girdle

Eye (Sensory Organs)
Periocular Mesenchyme

EPYC Protein expression data from MOPED¹, PaxDb² and MaxQB³:

About this image

EPYC Protein Expression

SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.435680

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: EPYC_HUMAN, Q99645

Tissue specificity: Cartilage, ligament, and placenta

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In Situ
Assay Products:

Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for EPYC

(Orthologs according to ^1,2HomoloGene (²older version, for species not in ¹newer version), ³euGenes, ⁴SGD , ⁵MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or ⁶Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
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This gene was present in the common ancestor of chordates.

Orthologs for EPYC gene from Selected species (see all 12) About this table

Organism	Taxonomic classification	Gene	Description	Human Similarity	Orthology Type	Details
mouse (Mus musculus)	Mammalia	Epyc^{1 , 5}	epiphycan^{1, 5}	83.95(n)¹ 82.3(a)¹		10 (50.35 cM)⁵ 13516¹ NM_007884.2¹ NP_031910.1¹ 97644068⁵
chicken (Gallus gallus)	Aves	EPYC¹	epiphycan	70.48(n) 67.94(a)		417890 NM_001004382.1 NP_001004382.1
lizard (Anolis carolinensis)	Reptilia	EPYC⁶	epiphycan	72(a)	1 ↔ 1	5(32387315-32418960)
tropical clawed frog (Xenopus tropicalis)	Amphibia	BX739544.1²	--	74.89(n)		BX739544.1
zebrafish (Danio rerio)	Actinopterygii	epyc⁶	epiphycan	21(a)	1 ↔ 1	4(15388347-15402128) ENSDARG00000056950

ENSEMBL Gene Tree for EPYC (if available)
TreeFam Gene Tree for EPYC (if available)

(Paralogs according to ¹HomoloGene,
²Ensembl, and ³SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to ⁴Pseudogene.org Build 68)
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Paralogs for EPYC gene

OGN² OPTC²

2 SIMAP similar genes for EPYC using alignment to 2 protein entries: EPYC_HUMAN (see all proteins):

OGN OPTC

Find genes that share paralogs with EPYC About GenesLikeMe

(SNPs/Variants according to the ¹NCBI SNP Database, ²Ensembl, ³PupaSUITE, ⁴UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD), the Human Cytochrome P450 Allele Nomenclature Database, and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays, and Copy Number PCR Arrays from QIAGEN)
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SNP ID	Valid	Clinical significance	Chr 12 pos	Sequence	#	AA Chg	Type	More	#	Allele freq	Pop	Total sample	More
Genomic Data					Transcription Related Data				Allele Frequencies
				--	--	--		--	--
rs138857092^1,2	C	untested¹	91358079(+)	`ATCTTC/TGTGCA`	2	K E	mis¹		1		NA	4538
rs182840378^1,2		--	91357152(+)	`TTCAGC/TTTTGA`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs146908601^1,2		--	91357200(+)	`AAAGAC/TGAACT`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs11105886^1,2	C,F,A,H	--	91357349(+)	`TCAGCG/TCTTTA`	1	--	ds500¹		24		NA NS EA WA CSA	2488
rs78493158^1,2	C,F	--	91357369(+)	`AAAGTT/CATAAT`	1	--	ds500¹		1		WA	118
rs188412909^1,2		--	91357590(+)	`CTAAAC/GTGTTC`	1	--	ut3¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs77960754^1,2	C,F	--	91357599(+)	`TCATTT/CCAAAA`	1	--	ut3¹		1		NA	120
rs117759717^1,2	C,F	--	91357658(+)	`CTAAAA/GCTTGC`	1	--	ut3¹		1		NA	120
rs3047073^1,2	C	--	91357787(+)	`TTATA-/ATTA T/TTATAACATT`	2	--	ut3¹		1		NA	2
rs202019480^1,2		--	91357907(+)	`TAGCCA/GTCGTA`	1	--	ut3¹		0	--	--	--	--

HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for EPYC (91357456 - 91398803 bp)

Structural Variations
Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) 2 variations for EPYC: About this table

Variant ID	Type	Subtype	PubMed ID
nsv832483	CNV	Gain	17160897
nsv899425	CNV	Gain	21882294

Site Specific Mutation Identification with PCR Assays

SeqTarget long-range PCR primers for resequencing EPYC

DNA2.0 Custom Variant and Variant Library Synthesis for EPYC

(in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
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OMIM gene information: 601657 OMIM disorders: --

1 disease for EPYC:
About MalaCards

posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy

1 inferred disease relationship from the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database for EPYC:

Myopia

Find genes that share disorders with EPYC About GenesLikeMe

Genetic Association Database (GAD): EPYC
Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: EPYC (3 documents)

Export disorders for EPYC gene to outside databases

(in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via ¹Entrez Gene, ²UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ³HGNC, ⁴GAD, ⁵PharmGKB, ⁶HMDB, ⁷DrugBank, ⁸UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁹ Novoseek, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
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PubMed articles for EPYC gene, integrated from 10 sources (see all 11):
(articles sorted by number of sources associating them with EPYC)

Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
world of online information

Characterization of human DSPG3, a small dermatan sulfate proteoglycan. (PubMed id 8975717)^{1, 2, 3} Deere M.... Hecht J.T. (Genomics 1996)
An evaluation of OPTC and EPYC as candidate genes for high myopia. (PubMed id 19844586)^{1, 4} Wang P....Zhang Q. (Mol. Vis. 2009)
The association of haplotype at the lumican gene with high myopia susceptibility in Taiwanese patients. (PubMed id 19616852)^{1, 4} Chen Z.T....Lin L.L. (Ophthalmology 2009)
The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the 5'-regulatory region of the lumican gene with susceptibility to high myopia in Taiwan. (PubMed id 16902402)^{1, 4} Wang I.J....Lin L.L. (Mol. Vis. 2006)
The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PubMed id 15489334)^{1, 2} Gerhard D.S.... Malek J. (Genome Res. 2004)
Linkage of posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy to chromosome 12q21.33 and exclusion of coding region mutations in KERA, LUM, DCN, and EPYC. (PubMed id 20357198)¹ Aldave A.J....Gorin M.B. (amp 2010)
Autosomal dominant cornea plana is not associated with pathogenic mutations in DCN, DSPG3, FOXC1, KERA, LUM, or PITX2. (PubMed id 17558846)¹ Aldave A.J....Yellore V.S. (Ophthalmic Genet. 2007)
Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. (PubMed id 14702039)² Ota T.... Sugano S. (Nat. Genet. 2004)
Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. (PubMed id 12477932)¹ Strausberg R.L....Marra M.A. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2002)
Genomic characterization of human DSPG3. (PubMed id 10330124)¹ Deere M....Hecht J.T. (Genome Res. 1999)

(in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
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		AND	OR
Aliases
Free Text

Query String		PubMed OMIM NCBI Bookshelf
	(Note: In FireFox, select the above section and copy using Ctrl-C)

(According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
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Entrez Gene: 1833	HGNC: 3053	AceView: DSPG3	Ensembl:ENSG00000083782	euGenes: HUgn1833
ECgene: EPYC	H-InvDB: EPYC

(According to HUGE)
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(According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL, and/or others, e.g. Wikipedia and GeneReviews, via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
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Name	Description
PharmGKB entry for EPYC	Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways

Intellectual Property for EPYC gene
(Patent information from GeneIP, Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts, IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)

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Patent Information for EPYC gene:
Search GeneIP for patents involving EPYC

GeneCards and IP:
Japan Patent Office Licenses GeneCards European Patent Office Licenses GeneCards Improving the IP Search

(Antibodies, recombinant proteins, and assays from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, QIAGEN, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, Enzo Life Sciences, Abcam, ProSpec, Cloud-Clone Corp., Thermo Fisher Scientific, eBioscience, antibodies-online, and/or others, Gene Editing from DNA2.0. Clones from OriGene, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, SwitchGear Genomics, Vector BioLabs, Addgene, Cell lines from GenScript, and ESI BIO, Flow cytometery from eBioscience, PCR Arrays from QIAGEN, Drugs and/or compounds from EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or ApexBio, In Situ Hybridization Assays from
Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Animal models from genOway)
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