Aliases for EARS2 Gene
Aliases for EARS2 Gene
External Ids for EARS2 Gene
- HGNC: 29419
- Entrez Gene: 124454
- Ensembl: ENSG00000103356
- OMIM: 612799
- UniProtKB: Q5JPH6
Previous GeneCards Identifiers for EARS2 Gene
- GC16M023440
- GC16M021624
Summaries for EARS2 Gene
-
This gene encodes a member of the class I family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. These enzymes play a critical role in protein biosynthesis by charging tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. This protein is encoded by the nuclear genome but is likely to be imported to the mitochondrion where it is thought to catalyze the ligation of glutamate to tRNA molecules. Mutations in this gene have been associated with combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 12 (COXPD12). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2015]
GeneCards Summary for EARS2 Gene
EARS2 (Glutamyl-TRNA Synthetase 2, Mitochondrial) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with EARS2 include Combined Oxidative Phosphorylation Deficiency 12 and Combined Oxidative Phosphorylation Deficiency. Among its related pathways are Gene Expression and tRNA Aminoacylation. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include nucleotide binding.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for EARS2 Gene
-
Catalyzes the attachment of glutamate to tRNA(Glu) in a two-step reaction: glutamate is first activated by ATP to form Glu-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Glu).
Additional gene information for EARS2 Gene
- Monarch Initiative
- Search for EARS2 at DataMed
- Search for EARS2 at HumanCyc
No data available for CIViC summary , Tocris Summary , Gene Wiki entry , PharmGKB "VIP" Summary , fRNAdb sequence ontologies and piRNA Summary for EARS2 Gene
Genomics for EARS2 Gene
GeneHancer (GH) Regulatory Elements for EARS2 Gene
GeneHancer (GH) Identifier | GH Type | GH Score |
GH Sources | Gene Association Score | Total Score | TSS distance (kb) | Number of Genes Away | Size (kb) | Transcription Factor Binding Sites |
Gene Targets |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GH16I023556 | Promoter/Enhancer | 2.1 | EPDnew Ensembl ENCODE | 550.8 | +0.1 | 85 | 3.2 | CLOCK MLX ZFP64 FEZF1 DMAP1 YY1 SLC30A9 ZNF213 E2F8 ZNF143 | UBFD1 PIR45637 EARS2 NDUFAB1 GGA2 | |
GH16I023594 | Promoter/Enhancer | 2.1 | EPDnew Ensembl ENCODE | 8 | -38.6 | -38636 | 2.9 | MLX ZFP64 DMAP1 IRF4 YY1 ZNF213 E2F8 ZNF143 SP3 NFYC | NDUFAB1 DCTN5 RBBP6 PALB2 ENSG00000260751 ENSG00000260905 EARS2 GGA2 ENSG00000261723 | |
GH16I023466 | Enhancer | 0.6 | ENCODE | 7.5 | +91.0 | 91033 | 1 | FOSL1 SP1 FOXA2 CREB1 FOSL2 FOS TCF7L2 ZKSCAN1 | GC16M023463 UBFD1 EARS2 LOC100419017 GGA2 | |
GH16I023307 | Promoter | 0.5 | EPDnew | 4.7 | +250.1 | 250147 | 0.1 | SCNN1B EARS2 GC16M023275 GC16P023275 GC16P023276 | ||
GH16I023536 | Enhancer | 1.4 | Ensembl ENCODE dbSUPER | 0.4 | +18.4 | 18447 | 4.8 | PKNOX1 CLOCK FOXA2 MLX ARID4B SIN3A DMAP1 SLC30A9 FOS SP5 | DCTN5 COG7 NDUFAB1 PALB2 GGA2 SUB1P4 GC16M023544 EARS2 |
Regulatory Element Products
Genomic Locations for EARS2 Gene
- chr16:23,522,013-23,557,731
- (GRCh38/hg38)
- Size:
- 35,719 bases
- Orientation:
- Minus strand
- chr16:23,533,334-23,569,052
- (GRCh37/hg19)
Genomic View for EARS2 Gene
- Cytogenetic band:
-
- 16p12.2 by Ensembl
- 16p12.2 by Entrez Gene
- 16p12.2 by HGNC


RefSeq DNA sequence for EARS2 Gene
Proteins for EARS2 Gene
-
Protein details for EARS2 Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
- Protein Symbol:
- Q5JPH6-SYEM_HUMAN
- Recommended name:
- Probable glutamate--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial
- Protein Accession:
- Q5JPH6
- B3KTT2
- D3DWF1
- Q86YH3
- Q8TF31
Protein attributes for EARS2 Gene
- Size:
- 523 amino acids
- Molecular mass:
- 58689 Da
- Quaternary structure:
- No Data Available
Protein Expression for EARS2 Gene
Selected DME Specific Peptides for EARS2 Gene
- Q5JPH6:
-
- RFAPSPTG
- KSDGFPTY
- GGLRTAL
- ENQMGRT
- HLPLLLN
- PSPTGFLH
- LRLEDTD
- DGSKLSKR
- TPRYDNR
- HSALLDLEKLPEFNR
Post-translational modifications for EARS2 Gene
- Ubiquitination at posLast=480480
Other Protein References for EARS2 Gene
- ENSEMBL proteins:
- REFSEQ proteins:
Antibody Products
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- GeneTex EARS2 antibody for EARS2
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for EARS2
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-
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Abcam proteins for EARS2
Assay Products
Domains & Families for EARS2 Gene
Gene Families for EARS2 Gene
- HGNC:
- Human Protein Atlas (HPA):
-
- Disease related genes
- Enzymes
- Potential drug targets
- Predicted intracellular proteins
Protein Domains for EARS2 Gene
Suggested Antigen Peptide Sequences for EARS2 Gene
- GenScript: Design optimal peptide antigens:
Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry
Q5JPH6UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:
SYEM_HUMAN :- Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Glutamate--tRNA ligase type 1 subfamily.
- Family:
-
- Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. Glutamate--tRNA ligase type 1 subfamily.
Function for EARS2 Gene
Molecular function for EARS2 Gene
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot CatalyticActivity:
- ATP + L-glutamate + tRNA(Glu) = AMP + diphosphate + L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu).
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
- Catalyzes the attachment of glutamate to tRNA(Glu) in a two-step reaction: glutamate is first activated by ATP to form Glu-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Glu).
Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB) for EARS2 Gene
GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|---|
GO:0000049 | tRNA binding | IEA | -- |
GO:0000166 | nucleotide binding | IEA | -- |
GO:0003723 | RNA binding | IEA | -- |
GO:0004812 | aminoacyl-tRNA ligase activity | IEA | -- |
GO:0004818 | glutamate-tRNA ligase activity | IDA | 19805282 |
Phenotypes for EARS2 Gene
- GenomeRNAi human phenotypes for EARS2:
Animal Model Products
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miRNA for EARS2 Gene
- miRTarBase miRNAs that target EARS2
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-
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- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
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-
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No data available for Phenotypes From GWAS Catalog , Animal Models , Transcription Factor Targets and HOMER Transcription for EARS2 Gene
Localization for EARS2 Gene
Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for EARS2 Gene
- Mitochondrion matrix.
- Mitochondria (3)
- Nucleoplasm (2)
GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|---|
GO:0005737 | cytoplasm | IEA | -- |
GO:0005739 | mitochondrion | IEA,IDA | 19805282 |
GO:0005759 | mitochondrial matrix | IEA | -- |
Pathways & Interactions for EARS2 Gene
SuperPathway | Contained pathways | ||
---|---|---|---|
1 | tRNA Aminoacylation | ||
2 | Metabolism | ||
3 | Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism | ||
4 | Gene Expression |
.48
|
Pathways by source for EARS2 Gene
3 Reactome pathways for EARS2 Gene
3 KEGG pathways for EARS2 Gene
GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|---|
GO:0006412 | translation | IEA | -- |
GO:0006418 | tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation | IEA | -- |
GO:0006424 | glutamyl-tRNA aminoacylation | IDA | 19805282 |
GO:0043039 | tRNA aminoacylation | IEA | -- |
GO:0070127 | tRNA aminoacylation for mitochondrial protein translation | IDA | 19805282 |
No data available for SIGNOR curated interactions for EARS2 Gene
Drugs & Compounds for EARS2 Gene
Name | Status | Disease Links | Group | Role | Mechanism of Action | Clinical Trials |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glutamic Acid | Approved | Nutra | Full agonist, Agonist, Target | 251 | ||
Famotidine | Approved | Pharma | Histamine H2-receptor antagonist | 64 | ||
gamma-Aminobutyric acid | Approved, Investigational | Pharma | 263 | |||
Phosphoric acid | Approved | Pharma | 0 | |||
Adenosine monophosphate | Approved, Investigational | Nutra | 0 |
Name | Synonyms | Role | CAS Number | PubChem IDs | PubMed IDs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pyrophosphate |
|
14000-31-8 |
|
Transcripts for EARS2 Gene
mRNA/cDNA for EARS2 Gene
- (4) REFSEQ mRNAs :
- (8) Additional mRNA sequences :
- (17) Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant :
Unigene Clusters for EARS2 Gene
- Glutamyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial:
- Representative Sequences:
CRISPR Products
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for EARS2
- genomics-online: gRNA clones - Search results for available EARS2 gene related products
- Applied Biological Materials CRISPR for EARS2
-
Vectors and viruses for KO, Activation, Repression, and more
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for EARS2
- GenScript: Design CRISPR guide RNA sequences for EARS2
miRNA Products
- Search ViGene Biosciences for EARS2
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene RNAi, sirna, and shrna products in human, mouse, rat for EARS2
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- genomics-online: shRNA clones - Search results for available EARS2 gene related products
-
ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for EARS2 gene
Clone Products
- Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat
- VectorBuilder custom plasmid, inducible vectors for EARS2
- VectorBuilder custom lentivirus, adenovirus, AAV vector/virus packaging for EARS2
-
VectorBuilder Other custom vectors
- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
- genomics-online: cdna clones - Search results for available EARS2 gene related products
- orf clones - Search results for available EARS2 gene related products
- Applied Biological Materials Clones for EARS2
-
Vectors and viruses for ORF, Lenti, Retro, Adenovirus, AAV, and more
ExUns: | 1 | ^ | 2a | · | 2b | ^ | 3 | ^ | 4 | ^ | 5 | ^ | 6a | · | 6b | ^ | 7a | · | 7b | ^ | 8 | ^ | 9 | ^ | 10 | ^ | 11 | ^ | 12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SP1: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SP2: | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SP3: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SP4: | - |
Expression for EARS2 Gene
Integrated Proteomics: protein expression in normal tissues and cell lines from ProteomicsDB, MaxQB, and MOPED for EARS2 Gene
NURSA nuclear receptor signaling pathways regulating expression of EARS2 Gene:
EARS2SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster for EARS2 Gene:
Hs.620541Evidence on tissue expression from TISSUES for EARS2 Gene
- Nervous system(4.9)
- Kidney(4.4)
- Liver(4.2)
Phenotype-based relationships between genes and organs from Gene ORGANizer for EARS2 Gene
- ectoderm
- mesoderm
- integumentary
- nervous
- skeletal muscle
- brain
- cerebellum
- cranial nerve
- eye
- eyelid
- face
- head
- lower limb
- upper limb
- peripheral nerve
- peripheral nervous system
- skin
- spinal cord
Primer Products
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs for EARS2
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No data available for mRNA expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells from LifeMap Discovery , mRNA differential expression in normal tissues and mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt for EARS2 Gene
Orthologs for EARS2 Gene
This gene was present in the common ancestor of eukaryotes.
Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | EARS2 33 34 |
|
||
cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | EARS2 33 34 |
|
||
dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | EARS2 33 34 |
|
||
mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Ears2 33 16 34 |
|
||
rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
Mammalia | Ears2l1 33 |
|
||
oppossum (Monodelphis domestica) |
Mammalia | -- 34 |
|
OneToMany | |
-- 34 |
|
OneToMany | |||
platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) |
Mammalia | EARS2 34 |
|
OneToOne | |
chicken (Gallus gallus) |
Aves | EARS2 33 34 |
|
||
lizard (Anolis carolinensis) |
Reptilia | EARS2 34 |
|
OneToOne | |
tropical clawed frog (Silurana tropicalis) |
Amphibia | ears2 33 |
|
||
zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii | zgc:153247 33 |
|
||
CABZ01117079.1 34 |
|
OneToOne | |||
African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae) |
Insecta | AgaP_AGAP002570 33 |
|
||
fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) |
Insecta | CG4573 33 34 |
|
||
worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) |
Secernentea | ears-2 33 34 |
|
||
A. gosspyii yeast (Ashbya gossypii) |
Saccharomycetes | AGOS_AEL338C 33 |
|
||
K. lactis yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis) |
Saccharomycetes | KLLA0F07975g 33 |
|
||
baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) |
Saccharomycetes | MSE1 33 34 |
|
||
thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) |
eudicotyledons | ERS 33 |
|
||
rice (Oryza sativa) |
Liliopsida | Os02g0121000 33 |
|
||
fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) |
Schizosaccharomycetes | mse1 33 |
|
||
sea squirt (Ciona savignyi) |
Ascidiacea | -- 34 |
|
OneToOne |
- Species where no ortholog for EARS2 was found in the sources mined by GeneCards:
-
- Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)
- Alicante grape (Vitis vinifera)
- alpha proteobacteria (Wolbachia pipientis)
- amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum)
- Archea (Pyrococcus horikoshii)
- barley (Hordeum vulgare)
- beta proteobacteria (Neisseria meningitidis)
- bread mold (Neurospora crassa)
- Chromalveolata (Phytophthora infestans)
- common water flea (Daphnia pulex)
- corn (Zea mays)
- E. coli (Escherichia coli)
- filamentous fungi (Aspergillus nidulans)
- Firmicute bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- green algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
- honey bee (Apis mellifera)
- loblloly pine (Pinus taeda)
- malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
- medicago trunc (Medicago Truncatula)
- moss (Physcomitrella patens)
- orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
- pig (Sus scrofa)
- rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
- rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)
- schistosome parasite (Schistosoma mansoni)
- sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
- sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
- sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
- soybean (Glycine max)
- stem rust fungus (Puccinia graminis)
- sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
- toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
- Trichoplax (Trichoplax adhaerens)
- wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Paralogs for EARS2 Gene
(1) SIMAP similar genes for EARS2 Gene using alignment to 8 proteins:
No data available for Paralogs for EARS2 Gene
Variants for EARS2 Gene
SNP ID | Clin | Chr 16 pos | Variation | AA Info | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
rs1000388710 | uncertain-significance, Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency | 23,522,562(-) | A/G | 3_prime_UTR_variant, genic_downstream_transcript_variant, non_coding_transcript_variant | |
rs1021330566 | likely-pathogenic, not provided, oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 12 (COXPD12) [MIM:614924] | 23,544,679(-) | C/T | coding_sequence_variant, missense_variant, non_coding_transcript_variant | |
rs10239 | uncertain-significance, Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency | 23,523,233(-) | C/T | 3_prime_UTR_variant, genic_downstream_transcript_variant, non_coding_transcript_variant | |
rs1037180419 | uncertain-significance, Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency | 23,523,658(-) | A/G | 3_prime_UTR_variant, genic_downstream_transcript_variant, non_coding_transcript_variant | |
rs11300207 | benign, uncertain-significance, Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency | 23,523,836(-) | TT/T/TTT | 3_prime_UTR_variant, genic_downstream_transcript_variant, non_coding_transcript_variant |
Variant ID | Type | Subtype | PubMed ID |
---|---|---|---|
dgv2826n100 | CNV | gain | 25217958 |
esv990394 | CNV | deletion | 20482838 |
nsv1123018 | CNV | deletion | 24896259 |
nsv1134510 | CNV | deletion | 24896259 |
nsv475159 | CNV | novel sequence insertion | 20440878 |
Additional Variant Information for EARS2 Gene
No data available for Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for EARS2 Gene
Disorders for EARS2 Gene

(6) MalaCards diseases for EARS2 Gene - From: HGMD, OMIM, ClinVar, GTR, Orphanet, Swiss-Prot, DISEASES, and GeneCards
Disorder | Aliases | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|
combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 12 |
|
|
combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency |
|
|
streptococcal meningitis |
|
|
external ear disease |
|
|
otitis externa |
|
|
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
SYEM_HUMAN- Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 12 (COXPD12) [MIM:614924]: An autosomal recessive, mitochondrial, neurologic disorder characterized by onset in infancy of hypotonia and delayed psychomotor development, or early developmental regression, associated with T2-weighted hyperintensities in the deep cerebral white matter, brainstem, and cerebellar white matter. Serum lactate is increased due to a defect in mitochondrial respiration. There are 2 main phenotypic groups: those with a milder disease course and some recovery of skills after age 2 years, and those with a severe disease course resulting in marked disability. {ECO:0000269 PubMed:22492562, ECO:0000269 PubMed:23008233, ECO:0000269 PubMed:26741492}. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Additional Disease Information for EARS2
- Genetic Association Database
- (GAD)
- Human Genome Epidemiology Navigator
- (HuGE)
- ATLAS of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
No data available for Genatlas for EARS2 Gene
Publications for EARS2 Gene
- Leukoencephalopathy with thalamus and brainstem involvement and high lactate 'LTBL' caused by EARS2 mutations. (PMID: 22492562) Steenweg ME … Zeviani M (Brain : a journal of neurology 2012) 2 3 4 58
- Toward the full set of human mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: characterization of AspRS and TyrRS. (PMID: 15779907) Bonnefond L … Sissler M (Biochemistry 2005) 2 3 4 58
- Multisystem fatal infantile disease caused by a novel homozygous EARS2 mutation. (PMID: 23008233) Talim B … Horvath R (Brain : a journal of neurology 2013) 3 4 58
- Genetic variants in nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes influence AIDS progression. (PMID: 20877624) Hendrickson SL … O'Brien SJ (PloS one 2010) 3 44 58
- Biogenesis of glutaminyl-mt tRNAGln in human mitochondria. (PMID: 19805282) Nagao A … Suzuki T (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2009) 2 3 58
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- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
- antibodies-online: Search results for 19 available EARS2 Antibodies ranked by validation data
- Compare Top EARS2 Antibodies
- antibodies-online: Search results for available EARS2 related products ranked by validation data
- antibodies-online: Search results for 6 available EARS2 Proteins ranked by validation data
- Compare Top EARS2 Proteins
- Quality Products:
- GeneTex EARS2 antibody for EARS2
- Search GeneTex for Proteins for EARS2
- ViGene Biosciences adenoviral particle packaged cDNA for EARS2 gene
- ViGene Biosciences lentiviral particle packaged cDNA for EARS2 gene
- ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for EARS2 gene
- Search ViGene Biosciences for EARS2
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for EARS2
- Search Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) for EARS2 siRNA/shRNA
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for EARS2
- Horizon Cell Lines for EARS2
- genomics-online: cdna clones - Search results for available EARS2 gene related products
- orf clones - Search results for available EARS2 gene related products
- genomics-online: gRNA clones - Search results for available EARS2 gene related products
- genomics-online: primer clones - Search results for available EARS2 gene related products
- genomics-online: shRNA clones - Search results for available EARS2 gene related products
Sources for EARS2 Gene
- (1) GeneCards
- (2) HGNC
- (3) EntrezGene
- (4) Swiss-Prot
- (5) Ensembl
- (6) OMIM
- (7) GeneLoc
- (8) Gene Wiki
- (9) UCSC
- (10) PhosphoSitePlus
- (11) GO
- (12) TrEMBL
- (13) InterPro
- (14) ProtoNet
- (15) Blocks
- (16) MGI
- (17) IUBMB
- (18) KEGG
- (19) MINT
- (20) STRING
- (21) IntAct
- (22) Novoseek
- (23) PharmGKB
- (24) DrugBank
- (25) HMDB
- (26) UniGene
- (27) AceView
- (28) ASD
- (29) ECgene
- (30) GeneAnnot
- (31) CGAP SAGE
- (32) SOURCE
- (33) HomoloGene
- (34) PanEnsembl
- (35) euGenes
- (36) SGD
- (37) FlyBase
- (38) WormBase
- (39) Pseudogene
- (40) DGV
- (41) dbSNP
- (42) GenAtlas
- (43) HGMD
- (44) GAD
- (45) BGMUT
- (46) HuGE
- (47) Atlas
- (48) Cell Signaling Technology
- (49) GenBank
- (50) H-invDB
- (51) HORDE
- (52) HUGE
- (53) IMGT
- (54) Leiden
- (55) miRBase
- (56) DME
- (57) OriGene
- (58) PubMed
- (59) R&D Systems
- (60) TGDB
- (61) Tocris
- (62) Abcam
- (63) Novus Biologicals
- (64) ProSpec
- (65) Sino Biological
- (66) GenScript
- (67) Qiagen
- (68) Cloud-Clone Corp.
- (69) OCA
- (70) Proteopedia
- (71) MOPED
- (72) neXtProt
- (73) Reactome
- (74) GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)
- (75) fRNAdb
- (76) DISEASES
- (77) SIMAP
- (78) GenomeRNAi
- (79) LifeMap
- (80) miRTarBase
- (81) MalaCards
- (82) Invitrogen
- (83) BitterDB
- (84) Vector BioLabs
- (85) ESI-BIO
- (86) RefSeq
- (87) BioSystems
- (88) MaxQB
- (89) IUPHAR
- (90) BioGPS
- (91) Illumina
- (92) COMPARTMENTS
- (93) HOMER
- (94) PaxDb
- (95) ApexBio
- (96) Addgene
- (97) antibodies-online
- (98) CYP
- (99) NONCODE
- (100) SwitchGear Genomics
- (101) TreeFam
- (102) PathCards
- (103) GeneReviews
- (104) GeneTex
- (105) Taconic Biosciences
- (106) GTEx
- (107) ProteomicsDB
- (108) SCBT
- (109) DGIdb
- (110) ClinicalTrials
- (111) FDA Approved Drugs
- (112) RVIS
- (113) SIGNOR
- (114) diseasecard
- (115) NIH Rare Diseases
- (116) Orphanet
- (117) UMLS
- (118) GTR
- (119) Disease Ontology
- (120) Genetics Home Reference
- (121) MeSH
- (122) MedlinePlus
- (123) CDC
- (124) NINDS
- (125) NCBI Bookshelf
- (126) ClinVar
- (127) Gene Damage Index
- (128) ViGene Biosciences
- (129) HPO
- (130) UDN
- (131) VISTA
- (132) FANTOM5
- (133) ENCODE
- (134) ProSci
- (135) Horizon
- (136) NURSA
- (137) IID
- (138) Cyagen
- (139) VectorBuilder
- (140) SNPedia
- (141) BRCA Exchange
- (142) St John's Lab
- (143) CIViC
- (144) ProteoGenix
- (145) dbSUPER
- (146) TISSUES
- (147) Gene ORGANizer
- (148) abm
- (149) CrownBio
- (150) Human Protein Atlas
- (151) GWAS Catalog
- (152) Monarch Initiative
- (153) DataMed
- (154) HumanCyc
- (155) genomics-online
- (156) UCNEbase
- (157) EPDnew