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Category   Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21
GIFtS

DRAM2 Gene

protein-coding   GIFtS: 46
GCID: GC01M111659

DNA-damage regulated autophagy modulator 2

(Previous name: transmembrane protein 77 )
(Previous symbol: TMEM77)
  Search for DRAM2
in our new
 Human Malady Compendium 
Biological research products
for DRAM2
    

(According to 1HGNC, 2Entrez Gene,
3UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 4UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 5OMIM, 6GeneLoc, 7Ensembl, 8DME, 9miRBase, and/or 10fRNAdb)
About This Section

Aliases
DNA-Damage Regulated Autophagy Modulator 21 2     WWFQ1541 2
TMEM771 2 3 5     MGC542891
Transmembrane Protein 771 2 3     Damage Regulated Autophagy Modulator 22
PRO1801 2     DNA Damage-Regulated Autophagy Modulator Protein 22
RP5-1180E21.11 2     

External Ids:    HGNC: 287691   Entrez Gene: 1283382   Ensembl: ENSG000001561717   OMIM: 6133605   UniProtKB: Q6UX653   

Export aliases for DRAM2 gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC01M111461 GC01M109531


(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: DRAM2_HUMAN, Q6UX65
Function: Induces apoptotic cell death when coexpressed with DRAM1




(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section
RefSeq DNA sequence:
NC_000001.10  NC_018912.1  NT_032977.9  
Regulatory elements:
   Search SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites for DRAM2
         Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmidDRAM2 promoter sequence
   Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for DRAM2

Epigenetics:
QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat DRAM2


Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 1p13.3   Ensembl cytogenetic band:  1p13.3   HGNC cytogenetic band: 1p13.3

DRAM2 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
DRAM2 gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 1         GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC01M111659:  view genomic region     (about GC identifiers)

Start:
111,659,954 bp from pter      End:
111,682,838 bp from pter
Size:
22,885 bases      Orientation:
minus strand

(According to 1UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to 2PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: DRAM2_HUMAN, Q6UX65 (See protein sequence)
Recommended Name: DNA damage-regulated autophagy modulator protein 2  
Size: 266 amino acids; 29766 Da
Subcellular location: Lysosome membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein
Sequence caution: Sequence=BAC11562.1; Type=Erroneous initiation;
Secondary accessions: B3SUG9 Q4VWF6 Q86VD3 Q8NBQ4

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for DRAM2: NX_Q6UX65

Post-translational modifications:

  • View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus2
  • View neXtProt modification sites for NX_Q6UX65

  • DRAM2 Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb:    About this image 
    Estimated protein expression log10 (pmol).

    REFSEQ proteins: NP_848549.3  
    ENSEMBL proteins: 
     ENSP00000286692   ENSP00000437718  

    Human Recombinant Protein Products: 
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    Uscn Proteins for DRAM2

    Gene Ontology (GO): 5 cellular component terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0005764lysosome IDA19556885
    GO:0005765lysosomal membrane IEA--
    GO:0005794Golgi apparatus IDA--
    GO:0016021integral to membrane IEA--
    GO:0043231intracellular membrane-bounded organelle IDA--


    DRAM2 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



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    (According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
    About This Section

    DRAM2 for domains           About GeneDecksing

    1 InterPro domain/family:
     IPR019402 Frag1/DRAM/Sfk1

    Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry Q6UX65

    ProtoNet protein and cluster: Q6UX65

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: DRAM2_HUMAN, Q6UX65
    Similarity: Belongs to the DRAM/TMEM150 family


    (According to 1UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or 2DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
    bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
    About This Section

    Function Summary:

         UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: DRAM2_HUMAN, Q6UX65
    Function: Induces apoptotic cell death when coexpressed with DRAM1
    Induction: Not induced by p53/TP53 or TP73/p73

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    8/13 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate DRAM2 (see all 13):
    hsa-miR-4324 hsa-miR-125a-5p hsa-miR-4251 hsa-miR-3647-3p hsa-miR-135b hsa-miR-501-5p hsa-miR-125b hsa-miR-670
    SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmidDRAM2 3' UTR sequence
    Inhib. RNA
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    In Situ Assay
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    Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for DRAM2

    Animal Models:
         Mouse knock-out Dram2tm1Lex for DRAM2
         1 MGI phenotypic allele for Dram2 (no phenotypes)

    DRAM2 for phenotypes           About GeneDecksing


    (Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to 1UniProtKB, 2MINT, 3I2D, and/or 4STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
    About This Section



    Interactions:

        Search SABiosciences Gene Network CentralTM Interacting Genes and Proteins Networks for DRAM2

    STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 1 interactants - click image to see more details)

    2 Interacting proteins for DRAM2 (Q6UX653 ENSP000002866924) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D
    InteractantInteraction Details
    GeneCardExternal ID(s)
    C12orf4Q9NQ893I2D: score=5 
    ELAVL1ENSP000003852694STRING: ENSP00000385269
    About this table

    Gene Ontology (GO): 2 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0006915apoptotic process IEA--
    GO:0006917induction of apoptosis IDA19895784


    DRAM2 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    (Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
    About This Section
    Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore
    Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

    Browse Tocris compounds for DRAM2
    Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about DRAM2 

    (Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
    GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
    Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
    RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
    DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
    exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
    RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
    siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN,
    Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
    About This Section

    REFSEQ mRNAs for DRAM2 gene: 
    NM_178454.4  

    Unigene Cluster for DRAM2:

    DNA-damage regulated autophagy modulator 2
    Hs.485606  [show with all ESTs]
    Unigene Representative Sequence: AK092961
    11 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant:
    ENST00000286692(uc001eae.4) ENST00000484310 ENST00000496430 ENST00000461449
    ENST00000477588 ENST00000477769 ENST00000480600 ENST00000462092 ENST00000490780
    ENST00000463682 ENST00000539140(uc001ead.4 uc009wfy.3)

    miRNA
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    8/13 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate DRAM2 (see all 13):
    hsa-miR-4324 hsa-miR-125a-5p hsa-miR-4251 hsa-miR-3647-3p hsa-miR-135b hsa-miR-501-5p hsa-miR-125b hsa-miR-670
    SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmidDRAM2 3' UTR sequence
    Inhib. RNA
    Products:
         
    Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
    OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for DRAM2 (see all 4)
    OriGene shRNA RFP: DRAM2
    OriGene siRNA: DRAM2
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    Clone
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    Additional cDNA sequence: 

    AK075350.1 AK092961.1 AK309557.1 AL833098.1 AY336747.1 AY358492.1 BC047025.1 BC091509.1 
    EF710624.1 

    24/28 DOTS entries (see all 28):

    DT.100883773  DT.95155118  DT.102837002  DT.100883775  DT.208306  DT.100717399  DT.100883777  DT.100705590 
    DT.92447452  DT.100883780  DT.121409427  DT.100830893  DT.437327  DT.100883779  DT.95155125  DT.121409467 
    DT.91740571  DT.92447467  DT.100883778  DT.121409308  DT.121409332  DT.409117  DT.97845083  DT.100691333 

    24/257 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 257):

    AI088857 AA991257 AA594963 BM784358 AA807741 AW675383 AV711819 AA507967 
    CR613969 AI783537 AW068971 CA311750 CR602380 AA459282 BU956507 CR598225 
    AA613581 CA941868 BQ067934 BU069696 BG496936 BC047025 BU626796 CR626576 

    GeneLoc Exon Structure

    5/13 Alternative Splicing Database (ASD) splice patterns (SP) for DRAM2 (see all 13)    About this scheme

    ExUns: 1a · 1b · 1c · 1d ^ 2a · 2b · 2c ^ 3 ^ 4 ^ 5a · 5b ^ 6a · 6b ^ 7a · 7b ^ 8 ^ 9a · 9b · 9c ^ 10 ^ 11a · 11b ^ 12a · 12b · 12c
    SP1:                          -     -     -                       -     -     -                 -     -                                                   
    SP2:                          -     -     -                       -     -     -     -     -     -     -                                                   
    SP3:                          -     -     -                       -     -     -     -     -           -                                                   
    SP4:                          -                                   -     -     -     -     -     -     -                                                   
    SP5:                          -                                   -     -     -                 -     -                                                   


    ECgene alternative splicing isoforms for DRAM2

    (RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
    PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
    About This Section

    DRAM2 expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
    See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
    About this imageBioGPS
    CGAP TAG: AAAGAAGCCA

    Microarray
    RNAseq (Illumina Body Map)
    (100×FPKM)½
    SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression)

    About this image

    DRAM2 expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells
    Expression by the Database of Embryonic development, Stem cell research, and Regenerative medicine    About this table
    1 LifeMap In Vivo Development Anatomical Compartment/Cell 
    Tissue Anatomical Compartment CellCategory (developmental path)
    AdiposeBody Subcutaneous White AdiposeAdipose
    Expression: Positive    Negative     Selective marker
    Experimental details: Curated     Microarrays     In-situ hybridization

    See DRAM2 Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
    Genevestigator expression for DRAM2

    SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.485606

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: DRAM2_HUMAN, Q6UX65
    Tissue specificity: Expression is down-regulated in ovarian tumors (at protein level). Widely expressed with highest
    levels in placenta and heart. Not detected in brain or thymus

        SABiosciences Expression via Pathway-Focused PCR Array including DRAM2: 
              Autophagy in human mouse rat

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    In Situ
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    (Orthologs according to 1,2HomoloGene (2older version, for species not in 1newer version), 3euGenes, 4SGD , 5MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or 6Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
    About This Section

    This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals.

    Orthologs for DRAM2 gene from 4/14 species (see all 14)    About this table
    Organism Taxonomic
    classification
    Gene Description Human
    Similarity
    Orthology
    Type
    Details
    chicken
    (Gallus gallus)
    Aves DRAM21 DNA-damage regulated autophagy modulator 2 66.17(n)
    62.03(a)
      421151  XM_003642714.1  XP_003642762.1 
    zebrafish
    (Danio rerio)
    Actinopterygii dram2b1 DNA-damage regulated autophagy modulator 2b 57.03(n)
    55.42(a)
      415225  NM_001002135.1  NP_001002135.1 
    fruit fly
    (Drosophila melanogaster)
    Insecta CG40251 CG4025 41.89(n)
    35.14(a)
      31177  NM_130623.2  NP_569979.1 
    worm
    (Caenorhabditis elegans)
    Secernentea C33A11.21 Protein C33A11.2 42.14(n)
    31.72(a)
      181626  NM_078140.3  NP_510541.1 


    ENSEMBL Gene Tree for DRAM2 (if available)
    TreeFam Gene Tree for DRAM2 (if available) 

    (Paralogs according to 1HomoloGene,
    2Ensembl, and 3SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to 4Pseudogene.org Build 68)
    About This Section
    Paralogs for DRAM2 gene
    TMEM150A2  DRAM12  TMEM150C2  TMEM150B2  
    1 SIMAP similar gene for DRAM2 using alignment to 1 protein entry:     DRAM2_HUMAN:
    DRAM1

    DRAM2 for paralogs           About GeneDecksing



    (SNPs/Variants according to the 1NCBI SNP Database, 2Ensembl, 3PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
    About This Section

    10/363 NCBI SNPs in DRAM2 are shown (see all 363    About this table
    Genomic DataTranscription Related DataAllele Frequencies
    SNP IDValidClinical
    significance
    Chr 1 posSequence#AA
    Chg
    TypeMore#Allele
    freq
    PopTotal
    sample
    More
    ----------
    rs3259131,2
    C,F,O,H,--111659501(+) TTATTC/TCTTGA 1 -- int120Minor allele frequency- T:0.05MN NA NS EA WA 2560
    rs1168833111,2
    F,--111659718(+) AGATCC/TAAGGA 1 -- int11Minor allele frequency- T:0.03EA 120
    rs1855027101,2
    --111659764(+) GAGAAC/TACTGT 1 -- int10--------
    rs22785781,2
    C,F,O,H,--111659792(+) TCACAC/ATTATT 1 -- int131Minor allele frequency- A:0.21EA NA NS WA 4798
    rs1903770911,2
    --111659882(+) TCAATA/GTTTAC 1 -- int10--------
    rs1419103631,2
    --111659931(+) ATAAAC/TGAAAA 1 -- int10--------
    rs1506648261,2
    --111659934(+) AATGAA/TAATCT 1 -- int10--------
    rs3259141,2
    C,F,O,H,--111659997(+) CCCAAA/CCTTCT 1 -- ut3131Minor allele frequency- C:0.06EA NA NS 4888
    rs1401547751,2
    --111660075(+) CCTCTC/TTCCTT 1 -- ut310--------
    rs1438531891,2
    --111660083(+) CTTCAA/TTGGTG 1 -- ut310--------

    HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for DRAM2 (111659954 - 111682838 bp)
    Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
          Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) variations for DRAM2: --

    SABiosciences Cancer Mutation PCR Assays
    QIAGEN SeqTarget long-range PCR primers in human, mouse, rat for resequencing DRAM2
    DNA2.0 Custom Variant and Variant Library Synthesis for DRAM2

    (in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
    About This Section

    DRAM2 for disorders           About MalaCards

    DRAM2 for disorders           About GeneDecksing

    OMIM gene information: 613360    OMIM disorders: --

    Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: DRAM2 (1 document)

    Export disorders for DRAM2 gene to outside databases

    (in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via 1Entrez Gene, 2UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 3HGNC, 4GAD, 5PharmGKB, 6HMDB, 7DrugBank, 8UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 9 Novoseek, and/or 10fRNAdb)
    About This Section

    PubMed articles for DRAM2 gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 14):
    (articles sorted by number of sources associating them with DRAM2)
        Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
    world of online information

    1. The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins: a bioinformatics assessment. (PubMed id 12975309)1, 2, 3 Clark H.F.... Gray A.M. (2003)
    2. Analysis of DRAM-related proteins reveals evolutionar ily conserved and divergent roles in the control of autophagy. (PubMed id 19556885)1, 2 O'Prey J....Ryan K.M. (2009)
    3. Reduced expression of DRAM2/TMEM77 in tumor cells int erferes with cell death. (PubMed id 19895784)1, 2 Park S.M....Park J. (2009)
    4. The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. (PubMed id 16710414)1, 2 Gregory S.G.... Bentley D.R. (2006)
    5. Signal sequence and keyword trap in silico for selection of full- length human cDNAs encoding secretion or membrane proteins from oligo- capped cDNA libraries. (PubMed id 16303743)1, 2 Otsuki T....Isogai T. (2005)
    6. The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PubMed id 15489334)1, 2 Gerhard D.S....Malek J. (2004)
    7. The expression of damage-regulated autophagy modulator 2 (DRAM2) contributes to autophagy induction. (PubMed id 21584698)1 Yoon J.H....Park J. (2012)
    8. Genome-wide association study identifies loci influenc ing concentrations of liver enzymes in plasma. (PubMed id 22001757)1 Chambers J.C....Kooner J.S. (2011)
    9. Personalized smoking cessation: interactions between nicotine dose, dependence and quit-success genotype score. (PubMed id 20379614)1 Rose J.E....Uhl G.R. (2010)
    10. Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of HuR by heat shock. (PubMed id 19322201)1 Abdelmohsen K....Gorospe M. (2009)

    (in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
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    (According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
    About This Section
    Entrez Gene: 128338 HGNC: 28769 AceView: MGC54289 Ensembl:ENSG00000156171 euGenes: HUgn128338
    ECgene: DRAM2 H-InvDB: DRAM2

    (According to HUGE)
    About This Section
      --

    (According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
    Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
    About This Section
    NameDescription
    PharmGKB entry for DRAM2 Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways

    (Patent information from GeneIP,
    Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts,
    IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)
    About This Section
    Patent Information for DRAM2 gene:
    Search GeneIP for patents involving DRAM2

    GeneCards and IP:
    Japan Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     European Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     Improving the IP Search



    (Antibodies, recombinant proteins, and assays from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, QIAGEN, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, SABiosciences, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, Enzo Life Sciences, Abcam, ProSpec, Uscn, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, SwitchGear Genomics, Vector BioLabs, Cell lines from GenScript and LifeMap BioReagents, PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Drugs and/or compounds from EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience, and/or Enzo Life Sciences),
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