Aliases for CYC1 Gene
Aliases for CYC1 Gene
External Ids for CYC1 Gene
- HGNC: 2579
- Entrez Gene: 1537
- Ensembl: ENSG00000179091
- OMIM: 123980
- UniProtKB: P08574
Previous GeneCards Identifiers for CYC1 Gene
- GC08U990014
- GC08M145286
- GC08P144925
- GC08P145255
- GC08P145221
- GC08P145149
- GC08P140425
Summaries for CYC1 Gene
-
This gene encodes a subunit of the cytochrome bc1 complex, which plays an important role in the mitochondrial respiratory chain by transferring electrons from the Rieske iron-sulfur protein to cytochrome c. Mutations in this gene may cause mitochondrial complex III deficiency, nuclear type 6. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2013]
GeneCards Summary for CYC1 Gene
CYC1 (Cytochrome C1) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with CYC1 include Mitochondrial Complex Iii Deficiency, Nuclear Type 6 and Mitochondrial Complex Iii Deficiency. Among its related pathways are Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins. and Metabolism of proteins. GO annotations related to this gene include iron ion binding and electron carrier activity.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for CYC1 Gene
-
This is the heme-containing component of the cytochrome b-c1 complex, which accepts electrons from Rieske protein and transfers electrons to cytochrome c in the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
No data available for CIViC summary , Tocris Summary , PharmGKB "VIP" Summary , fRNAdb sequence ontologies and piRNA Summary for CYC1 Gene
Genomics for CYC1 Gene
Regulatory Elements for CYC1 Gene
Enhancers for CYC1 Gene
- Elite enhancer and/or Elite enhancer-gene association
Download GeneHancer data dump
Enhancers around CYC1 on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
Regulatory Element Products
Genomic Location for CYC1 Gene
- Chromosome:
- 8
- Start:
- 144,095,027 bp from pter
- End:
- 144,097,527 bp from pter
- Size:
- 2,501 bases
- Orientation:
- Plus strand
Genomic View for CYC1 Gene
Genes around CYC1 on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
- Cytogenetic band:
-
- 8q24.3 by Ensembl
- 8q24.3 by Entrez Gene
- 8q24.3 by HGNC
CYC1 Gene in genomic location: bands according to
Ensembl, locations according to GeneLoc
(and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
Genomic Neighborhood
• Exon Structure
• Gene Density
RefSeq DNA sequence for CYC1 Gene
Proteins for CYC1 Gene
-
Protein details for CYC1 Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
- Protein Symbol:
- P08574-CY1_HUMAN
- Recommended name:
- Cytochrome c1, heme protein, mitochondrial
- Protein Accession:
- P08574
- Q5U062
- Q6FHS7
Protein attributes for CYC1 Gene
- Size:
- 325 amino acids
- Molecular mass:
- 35422 Da
- Quaternary structure:
-
- The bc1 complex contains 11 subunits: 3 respiratory subunits (cytochrome b, cytochrome c1 and Rieske/UQCRFS1), 2 core proteins (UQCRC1/QCR1 and UQCRC2/QCR2) and 6 low-molecular weight proteins (UQCRH/QCR6, UQCRB/QCR7, UQCRQ/QCR8, UQCR10/QCR9, UQCR11/QCR10 and a cleavage product of Rieske/UQCRFS1).
Protein Expression for CYC1 Gene
Post-translational modifications for CYC1 Gene
- Binds 1 heme group per subunit.
- Ubiquitination at Lys177
- Modification sites at PhosphoSitePlus
Other Protein References for CYC1 Gene
- ENSEMBL proteins:
- REFSEQ proteins:
Antibody Products
-
Custom Antibody ServicesOriGene Antibodies for CYC1
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- Invitrogen Antibodies for CYC1
- antibodies-online Antibodies for CYC1: See all 87
- GeneTex CYC1 antibody for CYC1
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for CYC1
Protein Products
-
OriGene Purified Proteins for CYC1
- Search Origene for MassSpec and Protein Over-expression Lysates for CYC1
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- antibodies-online Proteins for CYC1: See all 12
- Search antibodies-online for peptides
- Search GeneTex for Proteins for CYC1
No data available for DME Specific Peptides for CYC1 Gene
Domains & Families for CYC1 Gene
Gene Families for CYC1 Gene
Protein Domains for CYC1 Gene
- InterPro:
- Blocks:
- ProtoNet:
Suggested Antigen Peptide Sequences for CYC1 Gene
- GenScript: Design optimal peptide antigens:
Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry
P08574- Family:
-
- Belongs to the cytochrome c family.
Function for CYC1 Gene
Molecular function for CYC1 Gene
- GENATLAS Biochemistry:
- cytochrome c-1,subunit of the mitochondrial bc1 complex III of mitochondrial respiratory chain,oxidative phosphorylation(OXPHOS)
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
- This is the heme-containing component of the cytochrome b-c1 complex, which accepts electrons from Rieske protein and transfers electrons to cytochrome c in the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0009055 | electron carrier activity | IEA | -- |
| GO:0020037 | heme binding | IEA | -- |
| GO:0045153 | electron transporter, transferring electrons within CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase complex activity | IBA | -- |
| GO:0045155 | electron transporter, transferring electrons from CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase complex and cytochrome c oxidase complex activity | TAS | 2536365 |
| GO:0046872 | metal ion binding | IEA | -- |
Phenotypes for CYC1 Gene
- GenomeRNAi human phenotypes for CYC1:
Animal Model Products
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-
-
ViGene Biosciences lentiviral particle packaged cDNA for CYC1 gene
-
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CRISPR Products
-
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-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for CYC1
- GenScript: Design CRISPR guide RNA sequences for CYC1
miRNA for CYC1 Gene
- miRTarBase miRNAs that target CYC1
miRNA Products
- Search ViGene Biosciences for CYC1
Inhibitory RNA Products
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Clone Products
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- VectorBuilder custom lentivirus, adenovirus, AAV vector/virus packaging for CYC1
-
VectorBuilder Other custom vectors
- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
Cell Line Products
-
Horizon Cell Lines for CYC1
-
ViGene Biosciences adenoviral particle packaged cDNA for CYC1 gene
-
ViGene Biosciences lentiviral particle packaged cDNA for CYC1 gene
-
ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for CYC1 gene
Flow Cytometry Products
No data available for Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB) , Animal Models , Transcription Factor Targets and HOMER Transcription for CYC1 Gene
Localization for CYC1 Gene
Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for CYC1 Gene
- Mitochondrion inner membrane; Single-pass membrane protein; Intermembrane side.
| Compartment | Confidence |
|---|---|
| mitochondrion | 5 |
| nucleus | 5 |
| plasma membrane | 1 |
| extracellular | 1 |
| cytosol | 1 |
| lysosome | 1 |
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0005634 | nucleus | IDA | 21630459 |
| GO:0005739 | mitochondrion | TAS,IDA | 20833797 |
| GO:0005743 | mitochondrial inner membrane | TAS | -- |
| GO:0005750 | mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III | IBA | -- |
| GO:0016020 | membrane | IDA,IEA | 19946888 |
Pathways & Interactions for CYC1 Gene
Pathways by source for CYC1 Gene
7 KEGG pathways for CYC1 Gene
Interacting Proteins for CYC1 Gene
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0006122 | mitochondrial electron transport, ubiquinol to cytochrome c | TAS | -- |
| GO:0033762 | response to glucagon | IEA | -- |
| GO:0042776 | mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled proton transport | IBA | -- |
| GO:0055114 | oxidation-reduction process | IEA | -- |
No data available for SIGNOR curated interactions for CYC1 Gene
Drugs & Compounds for CYC1 Gene
| Name | Status | Disease Links | Group | Role | Mechanism of Action | Clinical Trials |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ubiquinone-2 | Experimental | Pharma | Target | 0 | ||
| (5S)-3-ANILINO-5-(2,4-DIFLUOROPHENYL)-5-METHYL-1,3-OXAZOLIDINE-2,4-DIONE | Experimental | Pharma | Target | 0 | ||
| 2-Hexyloxy-6-Hydroxymethyl-Tetrahydro-Pyran-3,4,5-Triol | Experimental | Pharma | Target | 0 | ||
| 2-NONYL-4-HYDROXYQUINOLINE N-OXIDE | Experimental | Pharma | Target | 0 | ||
| 5-HEPTYL-6-HYDROXY-1,3-BENZOTHIAZOLE-4,7-DIONE | Experimental | Pharma | Target | 0 |
| Name | Synonyms | Role | CAS Number | PubChem IDs | PubMed IDs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QH2 |
|
56275-39-9 |
|
(1) ApexBio Compounds for CYC1 Gene
| Compound | Action | Cas Number |
|---|---|---|
| Cytochrome c - pigeon (88-104) | Triggers T Cell response | 86579-06-8 |
Drug Products
- ApexBio compounds for CYC1
Transcripts for CYC1 Gene
mRNA/cDNA for CYC1 Gene
- (2) REFSEQ mRNAs :
- (10) Additional mRNA sequences :
- (685) Selected AceView cDNA sequences:
- (4) Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant :
CRISPR Products
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for CYC1
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for CYC1
- GenScript: Design CRISPR guide RNA sequences for CYC1
miRNA Products
- Search ViGene Biosciences for CYC1
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene shRNA, siRNA, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for CYC1
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For CYC1
-
ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for CYC1 gene
Clone Products
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for CYC1
- Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat
- VectorBuilder custom plasmid, inducible vectors for CYC1
- VectorBuilder custom lentivirus, adenovirus, AAV vector/virus packaging for CYC1
-
VectorBuilder Other custom vectors
- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
Flow Cytometry Products
| ExUns: | 1 | ^ | 2a | · | 2b | · | 2c | ^ | 3a | · | 3b | ^ | 4a | · | 4b | ^ | 5 | ^ | 6a | · | 6b | ^ | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP1: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP2: | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP3: | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP4: |
Expression for CYC1 Gene
mRNA differential expression in normal tissues according to GTEx for CYC1 Gene
This gene is overexpressed in Heart - Left Ventricle (x4.8).
This gene is overexpressed in Heart (12.1), Brain (8.2), and Nasal epithelium (6.1).
Integrated Proteomics: protein expression in normal tissues and cell lines from ProteomicsDB, PaxDb, MaxQB, and MOPED for CYC1 Gene
- Elite partner
NURSA nuclear receptor signaling pathways regulating expression of CYC1 Gene:
CYC1SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster for CYC1 Gene:
Hs.289271Evidence on tissue expression from TISSUES for CYC1 Gene
- Lung(4.8)
- Skin(4.8)
- Nervous system(4.8)
- Liver(4.6)
- Heart(3.8)
- Muscle(3.8)
- Pancreas(3.5)
- Intestine(3.1)
- Stomach(2.8)
- Eye(2.5)
- Kidney(2.5)
Phenotype-based relationships between genes and organs from Gene ORGANizer for CYC1 Gene
Germ Layers:
- ectoderm
- endoderm
- mesoderm
Systems:
- cardiovascular
- digestive
- endocrine
- immune
- integumentary
- nervous
- reproductive
- respiratory
- skeletal muscle
- skeleton
- urinary
Organs:
Head and neck:
- brain
- cerebellum
- cranial nerve
- ear
- eye
- eyelid
- face
- forehead
- head
- larynx
- mouth
- neck
- nose
- skull
- tongue
- vocal cord
Thorax:
- heart
- heart valve
- lung
Abdomen:
- abdominal wall
- adrenal gland
- biliary tract
- gallbladder
- kidney
- liver
- pancreas
Pelvis:
- testicle
Limb:
- arm
- digit
- finger
- foot
- hand
- lower limb
- toe
- upper limb
General:
- blood
- coagulation system
- hair
- peripheral nerve
- peripheral nervous system
- red blood cell
- skin
- spinal cord
- sweat gland
- white blood cell
Primer Products
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for CYC1
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs for CYC1
No data available for mRNA expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells from LifeMap Discovery and mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt for CYC1 Gene
Orthologs for CYC1 Gene
This gene was present in the common ancestor of eukaryotes.
| Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | CYC1 34 35 |
|
||
| cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | CYC1 34 35 |
|
||
| dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | CYC1 34 35 |
|
||
| mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Cyc1 34 16 35 |
|
||
| rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
Mammalia | Cyc1 34 |
|
||
| oppossum (Monodelphis domestica) |
Mammalia | CYC1 35 |
|
OneToOne | |
| lizard (Anolis carolinensis) |
Reptilia | CYC1 35 |
|
OneToOne | |
| tropical clawed frog (Silurana tropicalis) |
Amphibia | MGC75973 34 34 |
|
||
| African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) |
Amphibia | cyc1-prov 34 |
|
||
| zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii | cyc1 34 35 |
|
||
| srnyz104 34 |
|
||||
| rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) |
Actinopterygii | Omy.8431 34 |
|
||
| African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae) |
Insecta | AgaP_AGAP006936 34 |
|
||
| fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) |
Insecta | CG4769 36 34 35 |
|
||
| CG14508 36 35 |
|
||||
| worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) |
Secernentea | cyc-1 34 35 |
|
||
| C54G4.8 36 |
|
|
|||
| A. gosspyii yeast (Ashbya gossypii) |
Saccharomycetes | AGOS_ADR208W 34 |
|
||
| K. lactis yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis) |
Saccharomycetes | KLLA0F16555g 34 |
|
||
| baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) |
Saccharomycetes | CYT1 34 35 37 |
|
||
| thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) |
eudicotyledons | AT5G40810 34 |
|
||
| rice (Oryza sativa) |
Liliopsida | Os01g0935700 34 |
|
||
| Os.6336 34 |
|
||||
| barley (Hordeum vulgare) |
Liliopsida | Hv.526 34 |
|
||
| wheat (Triticum aestivum) |
Liliopsida | Ta.28376 34 |
|
||
| corn (Zea mays) |
Liliopsida | Zm.788 34 |
|
||
| bread mold (Neurospora crassa) |
Ascomycetes | NCU09816 34 |
|
||
| fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) |
Schizosaccharomycetes | cyt1 34 |
|
||
| sea squirt (Ciona savignyi) |
Ascidiacea | -- 35 |
|
OneToOne | |
| sea squirt (Ciona intestinalis) |
Ascidiacea | Cin.4648 34 |
|
- Species where no ortholog for CYC1 was found in the sources mined by GeneCards:
-
- Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- Alicante grape (Vitis vinifera)
- alpha proteobacteria (Wolbachia pipientis)
- amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum)
- Archea (Pyrococcus horikoshii)
- beta proteobacteria (Neisseria meningitidis)
- chicken (Gallus gallus)
- Chromalveolata (Phytophthora infestans)
- common water flea (Daphnia pulex)
- E. coli (Escherichia coli)
- filamentous fungi (Aspergillus nidulans)
- Firmicute bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- green algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
- honey bee (Apis mellifera)
- loblloly pine (Pinus taeda)
- malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
- medicago trunc (Medicago Truncatula)
- moss (Physcomitrella patens)
- orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
- pig (Sus scrofa)
- platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)
- rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)
- schistosome parasite (Schistosoma mansoni)
- sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
- sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
- sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
- soybean (Glycine max)
- stem rust fungus (Puccinia graminis)
- sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
- toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
- Trichoplax (Trichoplax adhaerens)
Paralogs for CYC1 Gene
No data available for Paralogs for CYC1 Gene
Variants for CYC1 Gene
| SNP ID | Clin | Chr 08 pos | Sequence Context | AA Info | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs587777041 | Pathogenic, Mitochondrial complex III deficiency, nuclear 6 (MC3DN6) [MIM:615453] | 144,095,991(+) | CCGTG(G/T)TCTCA | reference, missense | |
| rs587777042 | Pathogenic, Mitochondrial complex III deficiency, nuclear 6 (MC3DN6) [MIM:615453] | 144,096,615(+) | CCCTG(C/T)TCACG | reference, missense | |
| rs144257411 | Likely benign | 144,095,930(+) | GGCCA(C/T)GGCTC | reference, missense | |
| rs145475815 | Uncertain significance | 144,096,585(+) | CTAGG(C/T)ATGGT | reference, missense | |
| rs1000356964 | -- | 144,094,113(+) | TCCGT(C/T)TGTCA | upstream-variant-2KB |
| Variant ID | Type | Subtype | PubMed ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| dgv12431n54 | CNV | loss | 21841781 |
| dgv12433n54 | CNV | gain | 21841781 |
| dgv906n27 | CNV | loss | 19166990 |
| esv2738050 | CNV | deletion | 23290073 |
| esv2759651 | CNV | gain | 17122850 |
| esv29971 | CNV | loss | 17803354 |
| nsv1025071 | CNV | gain | 25217958 |
| nsv428208 | CNV | gain | 18775914 |
| nsv466014 | CNV | loss | 19166990 |
| nsv470249 | CNV | loss | 18288195 |
| nsv470250 | CNV | gain | 18288195 |
| nsv515809 | CNV | gain+loss | 19592680 |
| nsv612907 | CNV | gain+loss | 21841781 |
| nsv612914 | CNV | loss | 21841781 |
| nsv612915 | CNV | loss | 21841781 |
| nsv950015 | CNV | deletion | 24416366 |
Residual Variation Intolerance Score:
37.3% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Gene Damage Index Score:
0.85;
17.76% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Relevant External Links for CYC1 Gene
No data available for Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for CYC1 Gene
Disorders for CYC1 Gene
(4) MalaCards diseases for CYC1 Gene - From: OMIM, ClinVar, GeneTests, Orphanet, Swiss-Prot, DISEASES, and GeneCards
| Disorder | Aliases | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|
| mitochondrial complex iii deficiency, nuclear type 6 |
|
|
| mitochondrial complex iii deficiency |
|
|
| mitochondrial respiratory chain complex iii deficiency, cyc1-related |
|
|
| contagious pustular dermatitis |
|
|
Search CYC1 in MalaCards
View complete list of genes associated with diseases
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
CY1_HUMAN- Mitochondrial complex III deficiency, nuclear 6 (MC3DN6) [MIM:615453]: An autosomal recessive disorder caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. It is characterized by onset in early childhood of episodic acute lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, and insulin-responsive hyperglycemia, usually associated with infection. Laboratory studies show decreased activity of mitochondrial complex III. Psychomotor development is normal. {ECO:0000269 PubMed:23910460}. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Relevant External Links for CYC1
No data available for Genatlas for CYC1 Gene
Publications for CYC1 Gene
- Mutations in CYC1, encoding cytochrome c1 subunit of respiratory chain complex III, cause insulin-responsive hyperglycemia. (PMID: 23910460) Gaignard P. … Rustin P. (Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2013) 3 4 64
- Evaluation of candidate stromal epithelial cross-talk genes identifies association between risk of serous ovarian cancer and TERT, a cancer susceptibility "hot-spot". (PMID: 20628624) Johnatty S.E. … . (PLoS Genet. 2010) 3 46 64
- Genetic variants in nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes influence AIDS progression. (PMID: 20877624) Hendrickson S.L. … O'Brien S.J. (PLoS ONE 2010) 3 46 64
- The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PMID: 15489334) Gerhard D.S. … Malek J. (Genome Res. 2004) 3 4 64
- A mitochondrial cytochrome b mutation but no mutations of nuclearly encoded subunits in ubiquinol cytochrome c reductase (complex III) deficiency. (PMID: 10453733) Valnot I. … Roetig A. (Hum. Genet. 1999) 3 4 64
Products for CYC1 Gene
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- antibodies-online Antibodies for CYC1: See all 87
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- Search antibodies-online for peptides
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- Horizon Cell Lines for CYC1
- Cyagen custom Knockout/knockin (KOKI) mouse models for CYC1
- VectorBuilder custom plasmid, inducible vectors for CYC1
- VectorBuilder custom lentivirus, adenovirus, AAV vector/virus packaging for CYC1
- VectorBuilder Other custom vectors
- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
Sources for CYC1 Gene
- (1) GeneCards
- (2) HGNC
- (3) EntrezGene
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