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Category   Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21
GIFtS

CS Gene

protein-coding   GIFtS: 66
GCID: GC12M056666

citrate synthase
 Explore 74 diseases affiliated with
CS via
MalaCards
our new
 Human Malady Compendium 
Biological research products
for CS    

Aliases
for CS gene

(According to 1HGNC, 2Entrez Gene,
3UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 4UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 5OMIM, 6GeneLoc, 7Ensembl, 8DME, 9miRBase, and/or 10fRNAdb)
About This Section
Aliases
Citrate Synthase1 2
EC 2.3.3.13 8
Citrate Synthase, Mitochondrial2
EC 2.3.38

External Ids:    HGNC: 24221   Entrez Gene: 14312   Ensembl: ENSG000000624857   OMIM: 1189505   UniProtKB: O753903   

Export aliases for CS gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC12M056540 GC12P056603 GC12M056382 GC12M054951 GC12M053704


Summaries
for CS gene

(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section
Entrez Gene summary for CS:
The protein encoded by this gene is a Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of citrate
from oxaloacetate and acetyl coenzyme A. The enzyme is found in nearly all cells capable of oxidative metablism. This
protein is nuclear encoded and transported into the mitochondrial matrix, where the mature form is found. (provided by
RefSeq, Jul 2008)




Genomic Views
for CS gene

(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section
RefSeq DNA sequence:
NC_000012.11  NC_018923.1  NT_029419.12  
Regulatory elements:
   SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the CS gene promoter:
         GR   PPAR-alpha   GR-alpha   Nkx2-5   
         Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmid: CS promoter sequence
   Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for CS

Epigenetics:
QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat CS


Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 12q13.2   Ensembl cytogenetic band:  12q13.3   HGNC cytogenetic band: 12q13.2

CS Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
CS gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 12         GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC12M056666:  view genomic region     (about GC identifiers)

Start:
 56,665,483 bp from pter      End:
 56,694,176 bp from pter
Size:
 28,694 bases      Orientation:
 minus strand

Proteins
for CS gene

(According to 1UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to 2PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: CISY_HUMAN, O75390 (See protein sequence)
Recommended Name: Citrate synthase, mitochondrial precursor  
Size: 466 amino acids; 51712 Da
Subunit: Homodimer (By similarity)
Subcellular location: Mitochondrion matrix
Miscellaneous: Citrate synthase is found in nearly all cells capable of oxidative metabolism
Sequence caution: Sequence=CAE45911.1; Type=Miscellaneous discrepancy; Note=Intron retention;
Secondary accessions: Q71UT9 Q7KZH0 Q96FZ8 Q9BWN8

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for CS: NX_O75390

Post-translational modifications:

  • View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus2
  • View neXtProt modification sites for NX_O75390

    • 4/34 DME Specific Peptides for CS (O75390) (see all 34)
     RLYLTIH  TALNSES  DPMFKLV  DLIPKEQ 

    CS Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb:    About this image 
    Estimated protein expression log10 (pmol).

    REFSEQ proteins: NP_004068.2  
    ENSEMBL proteins: 
     ENSP00000449571   ENSP00000446779   ENSP00000342056   ENSP00000449080   ENSP00000440543  
     ENSP00000446492   ENSP00000449491   ENSP00000448667   ENSP00000450403   ENSP00000447986  
     ENSP00000450312   ENSP00000449025   ENSP00000450101   ENSP00000447442   ENSP00000449315  
     ENSP00000449427   ENSP00000448409   ENSP00000449753   ENSP00000448172   ENSP00000447948  
     ENSP00000447346   ENSP00000448166   ENSP00000447582  
    Reactome Protein details: O75390
    Human Recombinant Protein Products: 
    Browse Purified and Recombinant Proteins at EMD Millipore
    Browse R&D Systems for human recombinant proteins
    Browse recombinant and purified proteins available from Enzo Life Sciences
    OriGene Purified Proteins (see all 2): CS
    OriGene Protein Over-expression Lysate (see all 2): CS
    OriGene Custom Protein Services for CS 
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    Novus Biologicals CS Proteins
    Novus Biologicals CS Lysate
    Browse Sino Biological Recombinant Proteins
    Browse ProSpec Recombinant Proteins
    Uscn Proteins for CS

    Gene Ontology (GO): 2 cellular component terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0005739mitochondrion IDA--
    GO:0005759mitochondrial matrix TAS--


    CS for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    CS Antibody Products: 
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    Uscn ELISAs and CLIAs for CS

    Protein Domains /
    Families
    for CS gene

    (According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
    About This Section
    CS for domains           About GeneDecksing

    5 InterPro domains/families:
     IPR016142 Citrate_synth-like_lrg_a-sub
     IPR016141 Citrate_synthase-like_core
     IPR019810 Citrate_synthase_AS
     IPR010109 Citrate_synthase_euk
     IPR002020 Citrate_synthase-like

    Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry O75390

    ProtoNet protein and cluster: O75390

    1 Blocks protein family: IPB002020 Citrate synthase

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: CISY_HUMAN, O75390
    Similarity: Belongs to the citrate synthase family


    Function
    for CS gene

    (According to 1UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or 2DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
    bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
    About This Section
    Function Summary:

         UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: CISY_HUMAN, O75390
    Catalytic activity: Acetyl-CoA + H(2)O + oxaloacetate = citrate + CoA

         Genatlas biochemistry entry for CS:
    citrate synthase,mitochondrial,catalyzing the first step of citric acid cycle

    Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB): EC 2.3.3.11 2 EC 2.3.32

    miRNA
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    QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat CS
    8/45 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate CS (see all 45):
    hsa-miR-3130-5p hsa-miR-507 hsa-miR-548l hsa-miR-649 hsa-miR-629 hsa-miR-4330 hsa-miR-23a hsa-miR-365
    SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: CS 3' UTR sequence
    Inhib. RNA
    Products:            		Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
    OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for CS (see all 6)
    OriGene shRNA RFP: CS
    OriGene siRNA: CS
    QIAGEN FlexiTube/FlexiPlate siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat CS

    Gene Editing
    Products:    		DNA2.0 Custom Protein Engineering Service for CS

    Clone
    Products:             		Browse Clones for the Expression of Recombinant Proteins Available from EMD Millipore
    OriGene Myc/DDK tagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for CS (see all 4)
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    OriGene custom cloning services – gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling 
    GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector: CS (NM_001639)
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    Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat CS 

    Cell Line
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    Search LifeMap BioReagents cell lines for CS

    In Situ Assay
    Products:       
         		Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for CS

    Gene Ontology (GO): 2 molecular function terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0004108citrate (Si)-synthase activity TAS--
    GO:0046912transferase activity, transferring acyl groups, acyl groups converted into alkyl on transfer ----


    CS for ontologies           About GeneDecksing


    1 GenomeRNAi human phenotype for CS:
     Synthetic lethal with Ras 

    Animal Models:
         1 MGI mutant phenotype (inferred from 2 alleles) (MGI details for Cs):
     hearing/vestibular/ear 

    CS for phenotypes           About GeneDecksing


    Pathways & Interactions
    for CS gene

    (Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to 1UniProtKB, 2MINT, 3I2D, and/or 4STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
    About This Section

    Unified GeneCards pathways - 5/7 super-pathways (see all 7) About this table 
    See pathways by source

    Super-pathwaycontained gene-specific pathways
    1TCA Cycle
    		TCA Cycle1.00
    		Pyruvate metabolism and Citric Acid (TCA) cycle0.64
    		Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)0.65
    2Metabolism
    		Metabolism1.00
    		Metabolic pathways0.38
    3TCA cycle II (eukaryotic)
    		TCA cycle II (eukaryotic)1.00
    		Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle)0.67
    4Mitochondrial Protein Import
    		Mitochondrial Protein Import1.00
    5Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism
    		Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism1.00

    Pathway sources
    See GeneCards unified pathways
    Show all pathways


    2 BioSystems Pathways for CS 
        TCA Cycle
    TCA cycle II (eukaryotic)

    5/6        Reactome Pathways for CS (see all 6)
        Pyruvate metabolism and Citric Acid (TCA) cycle
    Metabolism
    Mitochondrial Protein Import
    Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle)
    Metabolism of proteins


    3         Kegg Pathways  (Kegg details for CS):
        Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)
    Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism
    Metabolic pathways

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: CISY_HUMAN, O75390
    Pathway: Carbohydrate metabolism; tricarboxylic acid cycle; isocitrate from oxaloacetate: step 1/2


    CS for pathways           About GeneDecksing

    Interactions:

        SABiosciences Gene Network CentralTM Interacting Genes and Proteins Network for CS

    STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 25)

    5/95 Interacting proteins for CS (O753902, 3 ENSP000003420564) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 95)

    InteractantInteraction Details
    GeneCardExternal ID(s)
    TAB2Q9NYJ82, 3, ENSP000002863324MINT-48028 MINT-49210 I2D: score=3 STRING: ENSP00000286332
    CRYAAP024893, ENSP000002915544I2D: score=2 STRING: ENSP00000291554
    CHMP243863, ENSP000003503864I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000350386
    IDH3GP515533, ENSP000002179014I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000217901
    PDHBP111773, ENSP000003072414I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000307241
    About this table

    Gene Ontology (GO): 5/7 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 7):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0005975carbohydrate metabolic process IDA9543345
    GO:0006084acetyl-CoA metabolic process ----
    GO:0006099tricarboxylic acid cycle TAS--
    GO:0006101citrate metabolic process ----
    GO:0006107oxaloacetate metabolic process ----


    CS for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    Drugs & Compounds
    for CS gene

    (Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
    About This Section

    CS for compounds           About GeneDecksing

    Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore
    Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

    Browse Tocris compounds for CS

    5 HMDB Compounds for CS    About this table
    CompoundSynonyms CAS #PubMed Ids
    Acetyl-CoAS-Acetyl coenzyme A (see all 13)72-89-9--
    Citric acid2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylate (see all 20)77-92-9--
    Coenzyme AAcetoacetyl coenzyme A sodium salt (see all 21)85-61-0--
    Oxalacetic acid2-Ketosuccinate (see all 20)328-42-7--
    WaterDihydrogen oxide (see all 2)7732-18-5--

    7 DrugBank Compounds for CS    About this table
    CompoundSynonyms CAS #TypeActionsPubMed Ids
    Alpha-Fluoro-Carboxymethyldethia Coenzyme a Complex-- --target--17139284 17016423 10592235
    Citric Acid-- 77-92-9target--17139284 17016423 10592235
    Coenzyme A-- 85-61-0target--17139284 17016423 10592235
    Malate Ion-- --target--17139284 17016423 10592235
    Nitromethyldethia Coenzyme A-- --target--17139284 17016423 10592235
    Oxaloacetate Ion-- --target--17139284 17016423 10592235
    Trifluoroacetonyl Coenzyme A-- --target--17139284 17016423 10592235

    10/76 Novoseek chemical compound relationships for CS gene (see all 76)    About this table
    Compound   -log (P-Val)   Hits   PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
    citrate 97.7 1064 8537311 (7), 11850746 (6), 8476125 (5), 11376009 (5) (see all 99)
    succinate 77.9 48 9609810 (2), 1450614 (2), 9192316 (2), 1601786 (1) (see all 41)
    malate 77.6 50 8841108 (2), 16920803 (2), 19825618 (2), 9609810 (2) (see all 35)
    oxaloacetate 76.4 23 2105935 (1), 8011640 (1), 7492547 (1), 10602269 (1) (see all 17)
    lactate 72.6 98 9048318 (2), 10805768 (2), 9973772 (2), 1601786 (1) (see all 82)
    pyruvate 69.5 46 9659176 (3), 8349677 (3), 15098932 (3), 8158120 (2) (see all 29)
    phosphocreatine 67.5 7 12900378 (1), 2356745 (1), 10354207 (1), 2082717 (1) (see all 5)
    glycogen 64.8 39 15184360 (2), 7915652 (1), 9216960 (1), 9270666 (1) (see all 33)
    isocitrate 64.7 8 12442254 (1), 2302181 (1), 19343532 (1), 2338484 (1) (see all 8)
    carnitine 62.8 19 1555541 (2), 8806937 (1), 9270666 (1), 8170674 (1) (see all 15)

    Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about CS / CISY 

    Transcripts
    for CS gene

    (Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
    GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
    Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
    RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
    DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
    exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
    RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
    siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN,
    Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
    About This Section
    REFSEQ mRNAs for CS gene (2 alternative transcripts): 
    NM_004077.2  NM_198324.1  

    Unigene Cluster for CS:

    Citrate synthase
    Hs.743252  [show with all ESTs]
    Unigene Representative Sequence: BX640838
    18/34 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant (see all 34):
    ENST00000549143 ENST00000548567(uc001skr.1) ENST00000351328(uc001sks.1 uc010sql.1 uc001skt.1)
    ENST00000548746 ENST00000542324 ENST00000546621(uc010sqm.1) ENST00000546891
    ENST00000546585 ENST00000548849 ENST00000552331 ENST00000549221 ENST00000546930
    ENST00000548041 ENST00000551936 ENST00000550734 ENST00000551253 ENST00000547449
    ENST00000547912

    miRNA
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    8/45 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate CS (see all 45):
    hsa-miR-3130-5p hsa-miR-507 hsa-miR-548l hsa-miR-649 hsa-miR-629 hsa-miR-4330 hsa-miR-23a hsa-miR-365
    SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: CS 3' UTR sequence
    Inhib. RNA
    Products:             		Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
    OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for CS (see all 6)
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    Clone
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    Primer
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      QIAGEN QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat CS

    Additional cDNA sequence: 

    AF047042.1 AF053631.1 AF147410.1 AK074956.1 AK095856.1 AK293263.1 AK296249.1 AK307625.1 
    BC000105.1 BC010106.1 BC072016.1 BT007414.1 BX640838.1 

    24/62 DOTS entries (see all 62):

    DT.100045177  DT.100830015  DT.75176813  DT.95232204  DT.100830014  DT.121119710  DT.100768849  DT.100830022 
    DT.100830016  DT.100711640  DT.91742259  DT.121119664  DT.100830026  DT.95232184  DT.121119659  DT.121119916 
    DT.95123065  DT.100045176  DT.100045178  DT.121119911  DT.86859560  DT.121471607  DT.92460468  DT.100705186 

    24/224 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 224):

    BU902048 BU859855 BU857891 BQ889480 AW752679 BF057357 BE390994 AU133086 
    CF125406 AA337465 BM766447 AW752628 AW752610 AI088248 BU155685 CR614767 
    BQ642165 BE793269 AA716265 BU173542 AW848492 BM742696 BQ685112 T34406 

    GeneLoc Exon Structure

    5/15 Alternative Splicing Database (ASD) splice patterns (SP) for CS (see all 15)    About this scheme

    ExUns: 1a · 1b · 1c ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 4 ^ 5a · 5b · 5c · 5d · 5e ^ 6a · 6b · 6c · 6d ^ 7 ^ 8 ^ 9a · 9b ^ 10 ^ 11a · 11b ^ 12a · 12b ^ 13a · 13b ·
    SP1:                    -     -     -                 -     -     -                             -                                                               
    SP2:                                                                                            -                                         -     -               
    SP3:                          -     -                 -     -     -                             -                                                               
    SP4:                                                                                                                                                            
    SP5:                    -           -                 -     -     -                             -                                                               

    ExUns: 13c ^ 14 ^ 15 ^ 16 ^ 17
    SP1:                              
    SP2:                              
    SP3:                              
    SP4:                              
    SP5:                              


    ECgene alternative splicing isoforms for CS

    Expression
    for CS gene

    (RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
    PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
    About This Section

    CS expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
    See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
    About this imageBioGPS
    CGAP TAG: ATGGAGACTT

    Microarray
    RNAseq (Illumina Body Map)
    (100×FPKM)½
    SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression)
    About this image
    See CS Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
    Genevestigator expression for CS

    SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.743252
        SABiosciences Expression via Pathway-Focused PCR Arrays including CS: 
              Insulin Resistance in human mouse rat
              Skeletal Muscle: Myogenesis & Myopathy in human mouse rat
              Molecular Toxicology PathwayFinder 384HT in human mouse rat
              Glucose Metabolism in human mouse rat

    Primer
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    Orthologs
    for CS gene

    (Orthologs according to 1,2HomoloGene (2older version, for species not in 1newer version), 3euGenes, 4SGD , 5MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or 6Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
    About This Section
    This gene was present in the last universal common ancestor (LUCA).

    Orthologs for CS gene from 11/37 species (see all 37)    About this table
    Organism Taxonomic
    classification    		 Gene Description Human
    Similarity    		 Orthology
    Type    		 Details
    mouse
    (Mus musculus)    		 Mammalia Cs1 , 5 citrate synthase1, 5 88.65(n)1
    94.4(a)1    		   10 (76.53 cM)5
    129741  NM_026444.31  NP_080720.11 
     1283378325 
    chicken
    (Gallus gallus)    		 Aves LOC1008589031 citrate synthase, mitochondrial-like 77.39(n)
    91.59(a)    		   100858903  XM_003643956.1  XP_003644004.1 
    lizard
    (Anolis carolinensis)    		 Reptilia CS6
    		 --
    		 88(a)
    		 1 ↔ 1
    		 2(93645984-93658500)
    African clawed frog
    (Xenopus laevis)    		 Amphibia BC046571.12   -- 85.33(n)    BC046571.1 
    zebrafish
    (Danio rerio)    		 Actinopterygii wufb58e042 wufb58e04 78.53(n)   322339  BC045362.1 
    fruit fly
    (Drosophila melanogaster)    		 Insecta CG38613
    kdn1    		 citrate (SI)-synthase3
    knockdown1    		 73(a)
    (best of 2)3
    66.29(n)1
    73.29(a)1    		   315791  NM_132091.21  NP_572319.21 
    worm
    (Caenorhabditis elegans)    		 Secernentea T20G5.23
    cts-11    		 Citrate synthase3
    Protein CTS-11    		 68(a)3
    60.86(n)1
    68.63(a)1    		   III(10286717-10288278)3
    1764371  NM_066863.51  NP_499264.11 
    baker's yeast
    (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)    		 Saccharomycetes CIT1(YNR001C)4
    CIT21    		 Citrate synthase, catalyzes the condensation of acetyl coenzyme A and oxaloacetate to form citrate; the rate-limiting enzyme of the TCA cycle; nuclear encoded mitochondrial protein less4
    Cit2p1    		 57.74(n)1
    60.41(a)1    		   14(631061-629622)4
    8503611  NP_009931.11  8557324 
     NP_014398.14 
    thale cress
    (Arabidopsis thaliana)    		 eudicotyledons ATCS1 citrate synthase 4 61.71(n)
    62.79(a)    		   819042  NM_180084.2  NP_850415.1 
    rice
    (Oryza sativa)    		 Liliopsida AF302906.12   -- 73.52(n)    AF302906.1 


    ENSEMBL Gene Tree for CS (if available)
    TreeFam Gene Tree for CS (if available) 

    Paralogs
    for CS gene

    (Paralogs according to 1HomoloGene,
    2Ensembl, and 3SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to 4Pseudogene.org Build 68)
    About This Section
    Paralogs for CS gene

    CS for paralogs           About GeneDecksing


    5 Pseudogenes.org Pseudogenes for CS
    PGOHUM00000234537 PGOHUM00000261353 PGOHUM00000259780 PGOHUM00000237710 PGOHUM00000243266


    Genomic Variants
    for CS gene

    (SNPs/Variants according to the 1NCBI SNP Database, 2Ensembl, 3PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
    About This Section

    10/459 NCBI SNPs in CS are shown (see all 459)     About this table
    Genomic DataTranscription Related DataAllele Frequencies
    SNP IDValidClinical
    significance    		Chr 12 posSequence#AA
    Chg    		TypeMore#Allele
    freq    		PopTotal
    sample    		More
    ----------
    rs1825328931,2
    		--56665212(+) ATCTCA/GGCTAT 3 -- ds50010--------
    rs1408512841,2
    		--56665292(+) CTTGAA/GGAAGG 1 -- ds50010--------
    rs1508779921,2
    		C,--56665306(+) GAAAT-/CTCCTCTG 1 -- ds50010--------
    rs1877103661,2
    		--56665349(+) AAGGTA/GAAAGA 1 -- ds50010--------
    rs557817261,2
    		C--56665539(+) CTCCAC/TCATGA 1 -- ut310--------
    rs1930999961,2
    		--56665662(+) GAGTGC/TATCTT 1 -- ut310--------
    rs123141911,2
    		--56665860(+) CAGTAA/CCTGAT 1 -- ut31 ese30--------
    rs1855732671,2
    		--56666053(+) TGGAAA/GTAAAA 1 -- ut310--------
    rs1486778221,2
    		--56666223(+) GGAAAC/TAGAAC 1 -- ut310--------
    rs569278261,2
    		C,--56666262(+) AAAAA-/ATCAAA 1 -- ut310--------

    HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for CS (56665483 - 56694176 bp)
    Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
    Database of Genomic Variants (DGV): 1 variation for CS
         1 CNV: 0164
    Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): CS

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    Disorders / Diseases
    for CS gene

    (in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Novoseek, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
    About This Section
    CS for disorders           About GeneDecksing

    OMIM gene information: 118950    OMIM disorders: --

    20/74 diseases for CS (see all 74):    About MalaCards
    spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy    acyl-coa dehydrogenase    spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy of kennedy    guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency
    cat-scratch disease    high blood pressure    leber hereditary optic neuropathy    critical illness polyneuropathy
    supranuclear palsy    progressive supranuclear palsy    arterial occlusive disease    peripheral arterial occlusive disease
    temporal lobe epilepsy    muscular atrophy    type 2 diabetes mellitus    mitochondrial encephalomyopathy
    iron overload    congestive heart failure    spotted fever    neuroretinitis

    6 diseases from the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database for CS:
    Spotted fever     Typhus     Mitochondrial myopathy     Myopathy
    Heart disease     Diabetes mellitus

    10/27 Novoseek disease relationships for CS gene (see all 27)    About this table

    Disease   -log (P-Val)   Hits   PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
    mitochondrial diseases 58.6 3 16018150 (1), 15925774 (1), 18653097 (1)
    insulin sensitivity 46.3 3 18285554 (1), 10582549 (1), 14602787 (1)
    myopathy 44.8 1 8170674 (1)
    insulin resistance 37 2 15894466 (1), 19864449 (1)
    shock 36.8 9 9029143 (1), 7772873 (1), 19167759 (1), 10411943 (1) (see all 9)
    encephalopathies metabolic 30.9 1 8122033 (1)
    heart failure 25.5 1 11298785 (1)
    hypertrophy 22.9 1 17111003 (1)
    neuromuscular diseases 22.2 2 15925774 (1)
    atrophy 19.5 2 15925774 (2)

    Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: CS (1098 documents)

    Export disorders for CS gene to outside databases

    Publications
    for CS gene

    (in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via 1Entrez Gene, 2UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 3HGNC, 4GAD, 5PharmGKB, 6HMDB, 7DrugBank, 8UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 9 Novoseek, and/or 10fRNAdb)
    About This Section

    PubMed articles for CS gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 490):
    (articles sorted by number of sources associating them with CS)    		    Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
    world of online information

    1. Cloning and tissue expression pattern analysis of the human citrate synthase cDNA. (PubMed id 12549038)1, 2, 9 Liu Q.... Zhao S.Y. (2000)
    2. Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. (PubMed id 14702039)1, 2 Ota T.... Sugano S. (2004)
    3. Vectorial proteomics reveal targeting, phosphorylation and specific fragmentation of polymerase I and transcript release factor (PTRF) at the surface of caveolae in human adipocytes. (PubMed id 15242332)1, 2 Aboulaich N.... Vener A.V. (2004)
    4. The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PubMed id 15489334)1, 2 Gerhard D.S....Malek J. (2004)
    5. Cloning and molecular analysis of the human citrate synthase gene. (PubMed id 9809442)1, 2 Goldenthal M.J.... Ananthakrishnan R. (1998)
    6. Enhanced citrate synthase activity in human pancreatic cancer. (PubMed id 15714131)1, 9 Schlichtholz B....Swierczynski J. (2005)
    7. Human mitochondrial function during cardiac growth and development. (PubMed id 9543345)1, 9 Marin-Garcia J....Goldenthal M.J. (1998)
    8. Identification and characterization of the mitochondr ial targeting sequence and mechanism in human citrate synthase. (PubMed id 19479947)1, 9 Cheng T.L....Chang W.T. (2009)
    9. Interactive domains for chaperone activity in the small heat shock protein, human alphaB crystallin. (PubMed id 16274233)1, 9 Ghosh J.G....Clark J.I. (2005)
    10. Interaction of human recombinant alphaA- and alphaB-crystallins with early and late unfolding intermediates of citrate synthase on its thermal denaturation. (PubMed id 11377425)1, 9 Rajaraman K....Rao C.M. (2001)

    External Searches for CS gene

    (in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
    About This Section
     ANDOR
    Aliases
    Disorders
    Free Text  
      Query String
    		PubMed
    OMIM
    NCBI Bookshelf
      (Note: In FireFox, select the above section and copy using Ctrl-C)

    Genome Databases showing CS gene

    (According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
    About This Section
    Entrez Gene: 1431 HGNC: 2422 AceView: CS Ensembl:ENSG00000062485 euGenes: HUgn1431
    ECgene: CS Kegg: 1431 H-InvDB: CS

    Other Databases showing CS gene

    (According to HUGE)
    About This Section
    		   --

    Specialized Databases showing CS gene

    (According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
    Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
    About This Section
    NameDescription
    PharmGKB entry for CS Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways
    Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrate_synthase

    Intellectual Property
    for CS gene

    (Patent information from GeneIP,
    Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts,
    IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)
    About This Section
    		Patent Information for CS gene:
    Search GeneIP for patents involving CS

    GeneCards and IP:
    Japan Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     European Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     Improving the IP Search



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