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Category   Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21
GIFtS

CELA1 Gene

protein-coding   GIFtS: 52
GCID: GC12M051723

chymotrypsin-like elastase family, member 1

(Previous names: elastase 1, pancreatic )
(Previous symbol: ELA1)
 Explore 9 diseases affiliated with
CELA1 via our new
 Human Malady Compendium 
Biological research products
for CELA1
    

(According to 1HGNC, 2Entrez Gene,
3UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 4UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 5OMIM, 6GeneLoc, 7Ensembl, 8DME, 9miRBase, and/or 10fRNAdb)
About This Section

Aliases
Chymotrypsin-Like Elastase Family, Member 11 2     Chymotrypsin-Like Elastase Family Member 12
ELA11 2 3 5     Elastase-13
Elastase 1, Pancreatic1 2     Elastase-13
Pancreatic Elastase 12 3     EC 3.4.218
EC 3.4.21.363 8     

External Ids:    HGNC: 33081   Entrez Gene: 19902   Ensembl: ENSG000001396107   OMIM: 1301205   UniProtKB: Q9UNI13   

Export aliases for CELA1 gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC12M050012 GC12M048755


(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

Entrez Gene summary for CELA1:
Elastases form a subfamily of serine proteases that hydrolyze many proteins in addition to elastin. Humans have six
elastase genes which encode the structurally similar proteins elastase 1, 2, 2A, 2B, 3A, and 3B. Unlike other
elastases, pancreatic elastase 1 is not expressed in the pancreas. To date, elastase 1 expression has only been
detected in skin keratinocytes. Clinical literature that describes human elastase 1 activity in the pancreas or fecal
material is actually referring to chymotrypsin-like elastase family, member 3B. (provided by RefSeq, May 2009)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: CELA1_HUMAN, Q9UNI1
Function: Acts upon elastin

Gene Wiki entry for CELA1


(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section
RefSeq DNA sequence:
NC_000012.11  NC_018923.1  NT_029419.12  
Regulatory elements:
   SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the CELA1 gene promoter:
         AML1a   Tal-1   Pax-6   CBF-C   E47   PPAR-gamma1   CBF-A   CBF-B   PPAR-gamma2   CBF(2)   
         Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmidCELA1 promoter sequence
   Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for CELA1

Epigenetics:
QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat CELA1


Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 12q13   Ensembl cytogenetic band:  12q13.13   HGNC cytogenetic band: 12q13

CELA1 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
CELA1 gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 12         GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC12M051723:  view genomic region     (about GC identifiers)

Start:
51,722,227 bp from pter      End:
51,740,463 bp from pter
Size:
18,237 bases      Orientation:
minus strand

(According to 1UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to 2PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: CELA1_HUMAN, Q9UNI1 (See protein sequence)
Recommended Name: Chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 1 precursor  
Size: 258 amino acids; 27798 Da
Cofactor: Binds 1 calcium ion per subunit (By similarity)
Subcellular location: Secreted
Caution: In spite of its original name "Pancreatic elastase 1", CELA1 is not detected in the pancreas. Elastase
activity described in the pancreas may be in fact due to CELA2A (PubMed:10620133)
Sequence caution: Sequence=AAV88109.1; Type=Erroneous gene model prediction;
Secondary accessions: Q5MLF0 Q6DJT0 Q6ISM6

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for CELA1: NX_Q9UNI1

4/11 DME Specific Peptides for CELA1 (Q9UNI1) (see all 11)
 CYITGWG  VMTAAHC  GDSGGPL  YVQLGVLP 

CELA1 Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb:    About this image 
Estimated protein expression log10 (pmol).

REFSEQ proteins: NP_001962.3  
ENSEMBL proteins: 
 ENSP00000293636  

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Uscn Proteins for CELA1

Gene Ontology (GO): 1 cellular component term (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
GO:0005576extracellular region IEA--


CELA1 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



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(According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
About This Section

CELA1 for domains           About GeneDecksing

4 InterPro domains/families:
 IPR001314 Peptidase_S1A
 IPR001254 Peptidase_S1
 IPR018114 Peptidase_S1_AS
 IPR009003 Trypsin-like_Pept_dom

Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry Q9UNI1

ProtoNet protein and cluster: Q9UNI1

2 Blocks protein families:
IPB001254 Serine protease
IPB001314 Chymotrypsin serine protease family (S1) signature


UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: CELA1_HUMAN, Q9UNI1
Similarity: Belongs to the peptidase S1 family. Elastase subfamily
Similarity: Contains 1 peptidase S1 domain


(According to 1UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or 2DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
About This Section

Function Summary:

     UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: CELA1_HUMAN, Q9UNI1
Function: Acts upon elastin
Catalytic activity: Hydrolysis of proteins, including elastin. Preferential cleavage: Ala- -Xaa

Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB): EC 3.4.21.361 2 EC 3.4.212

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Inhib. RNA
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In Situ Assay
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Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for CELA1

Gene Ontology (GO): 2 molecular function terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
GO:0004252serine-type endopeptidase activity IEA--
GO:0046872metal ion binding IEA--


CELA1 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing


1 GenomeRNAi human phenotype for CELA1:
 Increased gamma-H2AX phosphory 


(Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to 1UniProtKB, 2MINT, 3I2D, and/or 4STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
About This Section



Interactions:

    Search SABiosciences Gene Network CentralTM Interacting Genes and Proteins Networks for CELA1

STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 6)

5/7 Interacting proteins for CELA1 (Q9UNI13 ENSP000002936364) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 7)
InteractantInteraction Details
GeneCardExternal ID(s)
PI3P199573, ENSP000002439244I2D: score=2 STRING: ENSP00000243924
LPAP085193, ENSP000003213344I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000321334
SERPINA1P010093, ENSP000003480684I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000348068
A2MP010233, ENSP000003239294I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000323929
CSN2P058143, ENSP000003410304I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000341030
About this table

Gene Ontology (GO): 5/12 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 12):    About this table

GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
GO:0000122negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter IEA--
GO:0006508proteolysis IEA--
GO:0006954inflammatory response IEA--
GO:0009791post-embryonic development IEA--
GO:0016055Wnt receptor signaling pathway IEA--


CELA1 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



(Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
About This Section
EMD Millipore small molecules for CELA1:
Small Molecule - inhibitor
Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

Browse Tocris compounds for CELA1

1 HMDB Compound for CELA1    About this table
CompoundSynonyms CAS #PubMed Ids
CalciumCa (see all 2)7440-70-2--

10/17 DrugBank Compounds for CELA1 (see all 17)    About this table
CompoundSynonyms CAS #TypeActionsPubMed Ids
(Tert-Butyloxycarbonyl)-Alanyl-Alanyl-Amine-- --target--17139284 17016423 10592235
2-[4-[[(S)-1-[[(S)-2-[[(Rs)-3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-Isopropyl-2-Oxopropyl]Aminocarbonyl]Pyrrolidin-1-Yl-]Carbonyl]-2-Methylpropyl]Aminocarbonyl]Benzoylamino]Acetic Acid-- --target--17139284 17016423 10592235
Dimethylformamide-- 68-12-2target--17139284 17016423 10592235
Mdl 101,146-- 149859-17-6target--17139284 17016423 10592235
ONO-6818-- 208848-19-5target--17139284 17016423 10592235
Para-Isopropylaniline-- --target--17139284 17016423 10592235
(2-BROMOETHYL)(2-'FORMYL-4'-AMINOPHENYL) ACETATE-- --target--10592235
(2R)-3-{[(BENZYLAMINO)CARBONYL]AMINO}-2-HYDROXYPROPANOIC ACID-- --target--10592235
(2S,3S)-3-FORMYL-2-({[(4-METHYLPHENYL)SULFONYL]AMINO}METHYL)PENTANOIC ACID-- --target--10592235
(2S,3S)-3-FORMYL-2-({[(4-NITROPHENYL)SULFONYL]AMINO}METHYL)PENTANOIC ACID-- --target--10592235

Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about CELA1 

(Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN,
Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
About This Section

REFSEQ mRNAs for CELA1 gene: 
NM_001971.5  

Unigene Cluster for CELA1:

Chymotrypsin-like elastase family, member 1
Hs.348395
Unigene Representative Sequence: NM_001971
1 Ensembl transcript including schematic representation, and UCSC links where relevant:
ENST00000293636(uc001ryi.1)

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Inhib. RNA
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Clone
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  QIAGEN QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat CELA1

Additional cDNA sequence: 

AF120493.1 BC069454.1 BC075091.2 

1 DOTS entry:

DT.100740828 

5 AceView cDNA sequences:

BC075091 NM_001971 BC069454 AF120493 BF667586 

GeneLoc Exon Structure


(RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
About This Section

CELA1 expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
About this imageBioGPS
CGAP TAG: --

Microarray
RNAseq (Illumina Body Map)
(100×FPKM)½
SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression)

About this image

CELA1 expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells
Expression by the Database of Embryonic development, Stem cell research, and Regenerative medicine    About this table
1 LifeMap In Vivo Development Anatomical Compartment/Cell 
Tissue Anatomical Compartment CellCategory (developmental path)
PancreasIslets of LangerhansMature Beta CellsPancreas
Expression: Positive    Negative     Selective marker
Experimental details: Curated     Microarrays     In-situ hybridization

See CELA1 Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
Genevestigator expression for CELA1

SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.348395

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: CELA1_HUMAN, Q9UNI1
Tissue specificity: Basal layers of epidermis (at protein level). Not expressed in the pancreas

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In Situ
Assay Products:
 

 
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(Orthologs according to 1,2HomoloGene (2older version, for species not in 1newer version), 3euGenes, 4SGD , 5MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or 6Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
About This Section

This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals.

Orthologs for CELA1 gene from 6/19 species (see all 19)    About this table
Organism Taxonomic
classification
Gene Description Human
Similarity
Orthology
Type
Details
mouse
(Mus musculus)
Mammalia Cela11 , 5 chymotrypsin-like elastase family, member 11, 5 85.6(n)1
84.82(a)1
  15 (56.38 cM)5
1099011  NM_033612.21  NP_291090.21 
 1006744255 
chicken
(Gallus gallus)
Aves CELA11 chymotrypsin-like elastase family, member 1 70.33(n)
69.8(a)
  425200  NM_001103202.1  NP_001096672.1 
lizard
(Anolis carolinensis)
Reptilia CELA16
--
72(a)
1 ↔ 1
2(67695079-67706837)
African clawed frog
(Xenopus laevis)
Amphibia Xl.28652 Xenopus laevis transcribed sequence with weak similarity more 74.15(n)    BX849304.1 
zebrafish
(Danio rerio)
Actinopterygii wufb65e062 wufb65e06 76.72(n)   322570  CF265408.1 
fruit fly
(Drosophila melanogaster)
Insecta CG104776
Jon25Bi6
(see all 31)
Jonah 25Bi
(see all 31)
28(a)
25(a)
(see all 31)
many ↔ many
many ↔ many
(see all 31)
3L(6026299-6027711)
2L(4954279-4955144)


ENSEMBL Gene Tree for CELA1 (if available)
TreeFam Gene Tree for CELA1 (if available) 

(Paralogs according to 1HomoloGene,
2Ensembl, and 3SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to 4Pseudogene.org Build 68)
About This Section
Paralogs for CELA1 gene
CTRL2  CTRC2  CELA2A2  CELA3B2  CTRB12  CELA3A2  CELA2B2  CTRB22  
18/93 SIMAP similar genes for CELA1 using alignment to 1 protein entry:     CELA1_HUMAN(see all similar genes):
CELA2A    CELA3B    ELA2A    CELA3A    CELA2B    ELA2B
ELA3A    CTRC    CTRB1    CTRB2    CTRL    PRSS1
DKFZp586F0824    GZMK    DF    DKFZp779M0222    PRSS2    PRSS3

CELA1 for paralogs           About GeneDecksing


1 Pseudogenes.org Pseudogene for CELA1
PGOHUM00000234656


(SNPs/Variants according to the 1NCBI SNP Database, 2Ensembl, 3PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
About This Section

10/422 NCBI SNPs in CELA1 are shown (see all 422    About this table
Genomic DataTranscription Related DataAllele Frequencies
SNP IDValidClinical
significance
Chr 12 posSequence#AA
Chg
TypeMore#Allele
freq
PopTotal
sample
More
----------
rs178603781,2
C,F,--51721905(-) TTAGAA/GGAAAT 1 -- ds50014Minor allele frequency- G:0.11NS WA NA EA 536
rs71381571,2
C,F,A,H,--51721976(+) GAACCA/GGGGTG 1 -- ds500115Minor allele frequency- G:0.07NS NA WA CSA EA 796
rs1811801461,2
--51721987(+) GGGGAC/TGGTTT 1 -- ds50010--------
rs178603761,2
C,--51722002(-) CCTTGA/CATCAT 1 -- ds50011Minor allele frequency- C:0.01NS 176
rs1906435971,2
--51722030(+) TACTAC/TATTTC 1 -- ds50010--------
rs1386180951,2
--51722084(+) TCACCA/GTAATG 1 -- ds50010--------
rs178603751,2
C,F,--51722132(-) GGACCG/ATCTAG 1 -- ds50012Minor allele frequency- A:0.02NS CSA 150
rs1434265241,2
--51722147(+) TGGGGA/GTGATG 1 -- ds50010--------
rs1828896951,2
--51722264(+) AATGGC/TTCAAT 1 -- ut310--------
rs71384391,2
C,F,A,H,--51722311(+) TCCTAT/CTGCAG 1 -- ut3130Minor allele frequency- C:0.36NS EA NA WA CSA EU 3948

HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for CELA1 (51722227 - 51740463 bp)
Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
      Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) variations for CELA1: --

SABiosciences Cancer Mutation PCR Assays
QIAGEN SeqTarget long-range PCR primers in human, mouse, rat for resequencing CELA1
DNA2.0 Custom Variant and Variant Library Synthesis for CELA1

(in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
About This Section

CELA1 for disorders           About GeneDecksing

OMIM gene information: 130120    OMIM disorders: --

9 diseases for CELA1:    About MalaCards
pancreatitis    exocrine pancreatic insufficiency    steatorrhea    pancreatic steatorrhea
hepatopulmonary syndrome    cystic fibrosis    diarrhea    liver disease
fibrosis

6 diseases from the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database for CELA1:
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency     Pancreatitis     Steatorrhea     Pancreatic cancer
Cystic fibrosis     Pancreatic steatorrhea
Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: CELA1 (5 documents)

Export disorders for CELA1 gene to outside databases

(in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via 1Entrez Gene, 2UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 3HGNC, 4GAD, 5PharmGKB, 6HMDB, 7DrugBank, 8UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 9 Novoseek, and/or 10fRNAdb)
About This Section

PubMed articles for CELA1 gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 24):
(articles sorted by number of sources associating them with CELA1)
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  1. The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PubMed id 15489334)1, 2 Gerhard D.S....Malek J. (2004)
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  3. Personalized smoking cessation: interactions between nicotine dose, dependence and quit-success genotype score. (PubMed id 20379614)1 Rose J.E....Uhl G.R. (2010)
  4. Genetic Risk Factors for Hepatopulmonary Syndrome in Patients With Advanced Liver Disease. (PubMed id 20346360)1 Roberts K.E....Fallon M.B. (2010)
  5. Variation at the NFATC2 locus increases the risk of t hiazolidinedione-induced edema in the Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipr il and rosiglitazone Medication (DREAM) study. (PubMed id 20628086)1 Bailey S.D....Anand S. (2010)
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(According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
About This Section
Entrez Gene: 1990 HGNC: 3308 AceView: ELA1 Ensembl:ENSG00000139610 euGenes: HUgn1990
ECgene: CELA1 H-InvDB: CELA1

(According to HUGE)
About This Section
  --

(According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
About This Section
NameDescription
PharmGKB entry for CELA1 Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways
NIEHS-SNPshttp://egp.gs.washington.edu/data/ela1/
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastase

(Patent information from GeneIP,
Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts,
IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)
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Patent Information for CELA1 gene:
Search GeneIP for patents involving CELA1

GeneCards and IP:
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(Antibodies, recombinant proteins, and assays from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, QIAGEN, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, SABiosciences, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, Enzo Life Sciences, Abcam, ProSpec, Uscn, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, SwitchGear Genomics, Vector BioLabs, Cell lines from GenScript and LifeMap BioReagents, PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Drugs and/or compounds from EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience, and/or Enzo Life Sciences),
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