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Category   Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21
GIFtS

ATG10 Gene

protein-coding   GIFtS: 53
GCID: GC05P081267

autophagy related 10

(Previous names: APG10 autophagy 10-like (S. cerevisiae), ATG10 autophagy...)
(Previous symbol: APG10L)
 Explore 4 diseases affiliated with
ATG10 via our new
 Human Malady Compendium 
Biological research products
for ATG10
    

(According to 1HGNC, 2Entrez Gene,
3UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 4UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 5OMIM, 6GeneLoc, 7Ensembl, 8DME, 9miRBase, and/or 10fRNAdb)
About This Section

Aliases
Autophagy Related 101 2     ATG10 Autophagy Related 10 Homolog (S. Cerevisiae)1
APG10L1 2     ATG10 Autophagy Related 10 Homolog2
Autophagy-Related Protein 102 3     Pp126161
APG102 5     Ubiquitin-Like-Conjugating Enzyme ATG102
DKFZP586I04181     APG10-Like1
FLJ139541     EC 6.3.2.-3
APG10 Autophagy 10-Like (S. Cerevisiae)1     

External Ids:    HGNC: 203151   Entrez Gene: 837342   Ensembl: ENSG000001523487   OMIM: 6108005   UniProtKB: Q9H0Y03   

Export aliases for ATG10 gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC05P081304 GC05P076475


(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

Entrez Gene summary for ATG10:
Autophagy is a process for the bulk degradation of cytosolic compartments by lysosomes. ATG10 is an E2-like enzyme
involved in 2 ubiquitin-like modifications essential for autophagosome formation: ATG12 (MIM 609608)-ATG5 (MIM 604261)
conjugation and modification of a soluble form of MAP-LC3 (MAP1LC3A; MIM 601242), a homolog of yeast Apg8, to a
membrane-bound form (Nemoto et al., 2003 (PubMed 12890687)).(supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: ATG10_HUMAN, Q9H0Y0
Function: E2-like enzyme involved in autophagy. Acts as an E2-like enzyme that catalyzes the conjugation of ATG12 to
ATG5. ATG12 conjugation to ATG5 is required for autophagy. Likely serves as an ATG5-recognition molecule. Not involved
in ATG12 conjugation to ATG3 (By similarity)

Gene Wiki entry for ATG10


(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section
RefSeq DNA sequence:
NC_000005.9  NC_018916.1  NT_006713.15  
Regulatory elements:
   SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the ATG10 gene promoter:
         Egr-3   Nkx3-1   Nkx3-1 v4   Nkx3-1 v1   Nkx3-1 v2   HFH-1   Nkx3-1 v3   Chx10   
         Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmidATG10 promoter sequence
   Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for ATG10

Epigenetics:
QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat ATG10


Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 5q14.1   Ensembl cytogenetic band:  5q14.1   HGNC cytogenetic band: 5q14.1

ATG10 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
ATG10 gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 5         GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC05P081267:  view genomic region     (about GC identifiers)

Start:
81,267,844 bp from pter      End:
81,572,241 bp from pter
Size:
304,398 bases      Orientation:
plus strand

(According to 1UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to 2PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: ATG10_HUMAN, Q9H0Y0 (See protein sequence)
Recommended Name: Ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG10  
Size: 220 amino acids; 25279 Da
Subunit: Interacts with MAP1LC3A. By interacting with MAP1LC3A, it plays a role in the conjugation of ATG12 to ATG5.
Also able to directly interact either with ATG5 or ATG7 (By similarity)
Subcellular location: Cytoplasm (Probable)
Sequence caution: Sequence=BC004551; Type=Frameshift; Positions=26; Sequence=BC027718; Type=Frameshift; Positions=26;
Secondary accessions: B2RE09 Q6PIX1 Q9H842
Alternative splicing: 2 isoforms:  Q9H0Y0-1   Q9H0Y0-2   

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for ATG10: NX_Q9H0Y0

Post-translational modifications:

  • View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus2
  • View neXtProt modification sites for NX_Q9H0Y0

  • ATG10 Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb:    About this image 
    Estimated protein expression log10 (pmol).

    REFSEQ proteins (2 alternative transcripts): 
    NP_001124500.1  NP_113670.1  

    ENSEMBL proteins: 
     ENSP00000347309   ENSP00000282185   ENSP00000422340   ENSP00000404938   ENSP00000425182  
     ENSP00000424236   ENSP00000425225  

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    Uscn Proteins for ATG10

    Gene Ontology (GO): 2 cellular component terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0005622intracellular IDA--
    GO:0005737cytoplasm IEA--


    ATG10 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



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    Uscn ELISAs and CLIAs for ATG10


    (According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
    About This Section

    ATG10 for domains           About GeneDecksing

    1 InterPro domain/family:
     IPR007135 Autophagy-rel_prot_3

    Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry Q9H0Y0

    ProtoNet protein and cluster: Q9H0Y0

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: ATG10_HUMAN, Q9H0Y0
    Similarity: Belongs to the ATG10 family


    (According to 1UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or 2DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
    bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
    About This Section

    Function Summary:

         UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: ATG10_HUMAN, Q9H0Y0
    Function: E2-like enzyme involved in autophagy. Acts as an E2-like enzyme that catalyzes the conjugation of ATG12 to
    ATG5. ATG12 conjugation to ATG5 is required for autophagy. Likely serves as an ATG5-recognition molecule. Not involved
    in ATG12 conjugation to ATG3 (By similarity)

    Enzyme Number (IUBMB): EC 6.3.2.-1

    miRNA
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    hsa-miR-1266 hsa-miR-625* hsa-miR-18b* hsa-miR-3941
    SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmidATG10 3' UTR sequence
    Inhib. RNA
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    Gene Ontology (GO): 2 molecular function terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0005515protein binding ----
    GO:0019777Atg12 ligase activity ISS--


    ATG10 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    (Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to 1UniProtKB, 2MINT, 3I2D, and/or 4STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
    About This Section

    Unified GeneCards pathways  About this table 
    See pathways by source

    Super-pathwaycontained gene-specific pathways
    1Senescence and Autophagy
    Senescence and Autophagy1.00


    1 BioSystems Pathway for ATG10 
        Senescence and Autophagy


    Interactions:

        Search SABiosciences Gene Network CentralTM Interacting Genes and Proteins Networks for ATG10

    STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 14)

    5/378 Interacting proteins for ATG10 (Q9H0Y01, 3 ENSP000002821854) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 378)
    InteractantInteraction Details
    GeneCardExternal ID(s)
    ATG12O948171, 3, ENSP000002744594EBI-1048913,EBI-746742 I2D: score=4 STRING: ENSP00000274459
    GABARAPL2P605201, 3EBI-1048913,EBI-720116 I2D: score=3 
    GABARAPO951661, 3EBI-1048913,EBI-712001 I2D: score=2 
    GABARAPL1Q9H0R81, 3EBI-1048913,EBI-746969 I2D: score=1 
    MAP1LC3BQ9GZQ81, 3EBI-1048913,EBI-373144 I2D: score=1 
    About this table

    Gene Ontology (GO): 5/6 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 6):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0006497protein lipidation ISS--
    GO:0006914autophagy IMP15657430
    GO:0015031protein transport IEA--
    GO:0031401positive regulation of protein modification process ISS--
    GO:0032446protein modification by small protein conjugation IDA16963840


    ATG10 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    (Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
    About This Section
    Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore
    Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

    Browse Tocris compounds for ATG10
    Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about ATG10 

    (Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
    GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
    Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
    RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
    DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
    exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
    RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
    siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN,
    Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
    About This Section

    REFSEQ mRNAs for ATG10 gene (2 alternative transcripts): 
    NM_001131028.1  NM_031482.4  

    Unigene Cluster for ATG10:

    Autophagy related 10
    Hs.713698  [show with all ESTs]
    Unigene Representative Sequence: NM_001131028
    9 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant:
    ENST00000355178(uc003khq.2) ENST00000282185(uc003khs.3 uc003khr.3 uc010jas.3)
    ENST00000510085 ENST00000458350 ENST00000513443 ENST00000504770 ENST00000513634
    ENST00000508814 ENST00000514253

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    Inhib. RNA
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    Additional cDNA sequence: 

    AF318326.1 AK024016.1 AK225969.1 AK315752.1 AL136912.1 BC004551.2 BC027718.2 BC029268.1 

    16 DOTS entries:

    DT.305865  DT.40281905  DT.97838792  DT.120863104  DT.319680  DT.97838794  DT.75147562  DT.91861211 
    DT.92421228  DT.92421231  DT.95280794  DT.95310295  DT.95359004  DT.95364138  DT.120863366  DT.40288557 

    24/67 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 67):

    AA448080 AK024016 AI436652 AA806636 AI278996 BE783934 BC004551 AF318326 
    AI401359 AW293059 BM817750 BX104068 AU142946 AI688646 BG025165 AL136912 
    BX091178 BQ420338 BE901981 BX399138 BI667565 BV204805 AI313392 BC027718 

    GeneLoc Exon Structure


    (RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
    PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
    About This Section

    ATG10 expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
    See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
    About this imageBioGPS
    CGAP TAG: GAGATTGAGG

    Microarray
    RNAseq (Illumina Body Map)
    (100×FPKM)½
    SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression)

    About this image
    See ATG10 Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
    Genevestigator expression for ATG10

    SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.713698
        SABiosciences Expression via Pathway-Focused PCR Array including ATG10: 
              Autophagy in human mouse rat

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    Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for ATG10

    (Orthologs according to 1,2HomoloGene (2older version, for species not in 1newer version), 3euGenes, 4SGD , 5MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or 6Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
    About This Section

    This gene was present in the common ancestor of eukaryotes.

    Orthologs for ATG10 gene from 8/21 species (see all 21)    About this table
    Organism Taxonomic
    classification
    Gene Description Human
    Similarity
    Orthology
    Type
    Details
    mouse
    (Mus musculus)
    Mammalia Atg101 , 5 autophagy-related 10 (yeast)5
    autophagy related 101
    83.49(n)1
    81.9(a)1
      13 (46.46 cM)5
    667951  NM_025770.31  NP_080046.31 
     909353495 
    chicken
    (Gallus gallus)
    Aves ATG101 ATG10 autophagy related 10 homolog (S. cerevisiae) 65.59(n)
    62.21(a)
      427322  XM_424902.3  XP_424902.2 
    lizard
    (Anolis carolinensis)
    Reptilia ATG106
    --
    74(a)
    1 ↔ 1
    2(17905135-17950216)
    zebrafish
    (Danio rerio)
    Actinopterygii atg101 ATG10 autophagy related 10 homolog (S. cerevisiae) 54.23(n)
    53.73(a)
      641330  NM_001037124.1  NP_001032201.1 
    fruit fly
    (Drosophila melanogaster)
    Insecta CG128216
    --
    20(a)
    1 ↔ 1
    2R(3719676-3723579)
    worm
    (Caenorhabditis elegans)
    Secernentea atg-106
    AuTophaGy (yeast Atg homolog) family member (atg-1...
    26(a)
    1 ↔ 1
    II(8659083-8659750)
    thale cress
    (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    eudicotyledons ATG101 autophagocytosis-associated family protein 44.5(n)
    38.3(a)
      819941  NM_180202.1  NP_850533.1 
    rice
    (Oryza sativa)
    Liliopsida --
    --
    autophagy-related protein 10, putative, expressed
    30(a)
    27(a)
    many → 1
    many → 1
    4(24690870-24692758)
    12(19412188-19418666)


    ENSEMBL Gene Tree for ATG10 (if available)
    TreeFam Gene Tree for ATG10 (if available) 

    (Paralogs according to 1HomoloGene,
    2Ensembl, and 3SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to 4Pseudogene.org Build 68)
    About This Section
      --

    (SNPs/Variants according to the 1NCBI SNP Database, 2Ensembl, 3PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
    About This Section

    10/3714 NCBI SNPs in ATG10 are shown (see all 3714    About this table
    Genomic DataTranscription Related DataAllele Frequencies
    SNP IDValidClinical
    significance
    Chr 5 posSequence#AA
    Chg
    TypeMore#Allele
    freq
    PopTotal
    sample
    More
    ----------
    rs1836913421,2
    --81265882(+) GGGTCC/TCGCCC 2 -- us2k10--------
    rs1441896231,2
    --81265914(+) CATGCC/TCAGAG 2 -- us2k10--------
    rs1486603731,2
    --81265985(+) TTAGAG/TCATAC 2 -- us2k10--------
    rs778579871,2
    C--81266001(+) TGTCCA/CATCAT 2 -- us2k10--------
    rs1421816961,2
    --81266026(+) GTCCAC/TACTTT 2 -- us2k10--------
    rs1891805251,2
    --81266069(+) CTGTAC/TCTTTG 2 -- us2k10--------
    rs47035331,2
    C,A,H,--81266197(+) AGCTAC/GAGGAG 2 -- us2k17Minor allele frequency- G:0.46NA WA EA 366
    rs100366531,2
    C,F,H,--81266382(+) TGTGAA/TTTATG 2 -- us2k1 tfbs39Minor allele frequency- T:0.24NS EA NA 648
    rs1163317801,2
    --81266468(+) ATATGG/CAGTAC 2 -- us2k11Minor allele frequency- C:0.01WA 118
    rs1466871371,2
    --81266473(+) GAGTAC/TAATGT 2 -- us2k10--------

    HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for ATG10 (81267844 - 81517844 bp, first 250kb of ATG10)
    Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
    Database of Genomic Variants (DGV): 7 variations for ATG10
         6 CNVs: 69156 64242 8490 3560 64243 69157
         1 Indel: 33791

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    (in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
    About This Section

    ATG10 for disorders           About GeneDecksing

    OMIM gene information: 610800    OMIM disorders: --

    4 diseases for ATG10:    About MalaCards
    acute myeloid leukemia    myeloid leukemia    myelodysplastic syndrome    leukemia

    Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: ATG10 (1 document)

    Export disorders for ATG10 gene to outside databases

    (in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via 1Entrez Gene, 2UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 3HGNC, 4GAD, 5PharmGKB, 6HMDB, 7DrugBank, 8UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 9 Novoseek, and/or 10fRNAdb)
    About This Section

    PubMed articles for ATG10 gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 23):
    (articles sorted by number of sources associating them with ATG10)
        Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
    world of online information

    1. Large-scale cDNA transfection screening for genes related to cancer development and progression. (PubMed id 15498874)1, 2 Wan D....Gu J. (2004)
    2. The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PubMed id 15489334)1, 2 Gerhard D.S....Malek J. (2004)
    3. Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. (PubMed id 14702039)1, 2 Ota T.... Sugano S. (2004)
    4. Stimulation of ATG12-ATG5 conjugation by ribonucleic acid. (PubMed id 16963840)1, 9 Shao Y....Jiang X. (2007)
    5. Regulation of autophagy by the inositol trisphosphate receptor. (PubMed id 17256008)1, 9 Criollo A....Kroemer G. (2007)
    6. Inhibition of macroautophagy triggers apoptosis. (PubMed id 15657430)1, 9 Boya P....Kroemer G. (2005)
    7. Personalized smoking cessation: interactions between nicotine dose, dependence and quit-success genotype score. (PubMed id 20379614)1 Rose J.E....Uhl G.R. (2010)
    8. Network organization of the human autophagy system. (PubMed id 20562859)1 Behrends C....Harper J.W. (2010)
    9. The full-ORF clone resource of the German cDNA consortium. (PubMed id 17974005)2 Bechtel S.... Schupp I. (2007)
    10. Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry. (PubMed id 17353931)1 Ewing R.M.... Figeys D. (2007)

    (in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
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    (According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
    About This Section
    Entrez Gene: 83734 HGNC: 20315 AceView: APG10L Ensembl:ENSG00000152348 euGenes: HUgn83734
    ECgene: ATG10 H-InvDB: ATG10

    (According to HUGE)
    About This Section
      --

    (According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
    Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
    About This Section
    NameDescription
    PharmGKB entry for ATG10 Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways

    (Patent information from GeneIP,
    Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts,
    IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)
    About This Section
    Patent Information for ATG10 gene:
    Search GeneIP for patents involving ATG10

    GeneCards and IP:
    Japan Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     European Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     Improving the IP Search



    (Antibodies, recombinant proteins, and assays from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, QIAGEN, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, SABiosciences, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, Enzo Life Sciences, Abcam, ProSpec, Uscn, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, SwitchGear Genomics, Vector BioLabs, Cell lines from GenScript and LifeMap BioReagents, PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Drugs and/or compounds from EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience, and/or Enzo Life Sciences),
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