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Category   Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21
GIFtS

AR Gene

protein-coding   GIFtS: 76
GCID: GC0XP066763

androgen receptor

(Previous names: dihydrotestosterone receptor, spinal and bulbar muscular...)
(Previous symbols: DHTR, SBMA)
 Explore 210 diseases affiliated with
AR via
MalaCards
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 Human Malady Compendium 
Biological research products
for AR    

Aliases
for AR gene

(According to 1HGNC, 2Entrez Gene,
3UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 4UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 5OMIM, 6GeneLoc, 7Ensembl, 8DME, 9miRBase, and/or 10fRNAdb)
About This Section
Aliases
Androgen Receptor1 2     HUMARA1 2
DHTR1 2 3 5     Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 3 Group C Member 42 3
Dihydrotestosterone Receptor1 2 3     HYSP12 5
NR3C41 2 3     KD2 5
SBMA1 2 5     TFM2 5
SMAX11 2 5     Spinal And Bulbar Muscular Atrophy1
AIS1 2     Androgen Nuclear Receptor Variant 22

External Ids:    HGNC: 6441   Entrez Gene: 3672   Ensembl: ENSG000001690837   OMIM: 3137005   UniProtKB: P102753   

Export aliases for AR gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC0XP062984 GC0XP064229 GC0XP064997 GC0XP065630 GC0XP066546 GC0XP066680 GC0XP060592


Summaries
for AR gene

(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section
Entrez Gene summary for AR:
The androgen receptor gene is more than 90 kb long and codes for a protein that has 3 major functional domains: the
N-terminal domain, DNA-binding domain, and androgen-binding domain. The protein functions as a steroid-hormone
activated transcription factor. Upon binding the hormone ligand, the receptor dissociates from accessory proteins,
translocates into the nucleus, dimerizes, and then stimulates transcription of androgen responsive genes. This gene
contains 2 polymorphic trinucleotide repeat segments that encode polyglutamine and polyglycine tracts in the
N-terminal transactivation domain of its protein. Expansion of the polyglutamine tract causes spinal bulbar muscular
atrophy (Kennedy disease). Mutations in this gene are also associated with complete androgen insensitivity (CAIS). Two
alternatively spliced variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described. (provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: ANDR_HUMAN, P10275
Function: Steroid hormone receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate eukaryotic gene expression
and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Transcription factor activity is modulated by
bound coactivator and corepressor proteins. Transcription activation is down-regulated by NR0B2. Activated, but not
phosphorylated, by HIPK3 and ZIPK/DAPK3

summary for AR:
Androgen receptors (ARs) (also known as dihydrotestosterone receptors) are nuclear hormone receptors of the
NR3C class, which also includes mineralocorticoid, progesterone and glucocorticoid receptors. They are
expressed in bone marrow, mammary gland, prostate, testicular and muscle tissues where they exist as dimers
coupled to Hsp90 and HMGB proteins, which are shed upon ligand binding. Activated androgen receptors bind to
nuclear response elements of the genome, with an inverted palindromic 15 nucleotide sequence, to regulate
gene transcription. Androgen receptors also effect gene expression through interaction with transcription
factors including AP-1, NF-kappaB and STAT. Target genes of androgen receptors include insulin-like growth
factor 1 (IGF-1) and genes involved in the development of primary and secondary male sexual characteristics,
maintenance of sexual function and possibly have a causative role in aggressive behavior. Furthermore,
androgen receptors have recently been shown to have actions that are independent of DNA interactions.
Congential mutations in androgen receptors are associated with androgen insensitivity syndromes, virility
and spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Perturbations in androgen receptor expression is also a common
feature of prostate cancer. The human gene encoding the androgen receptor has been localized to Xq11-12.

Gene Wiki entry for AR (Androgen receptor)


Genomic Views
for AR gene

(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section
RefSeq DNA sequence:
NC_000023.10  NC_018934.1  NT_011669.17  
Regulatory elements:
   SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the AR gene promoter:
         GR   Sp1   GR-beta   GR-alpha   
         Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmids (see all 2): AR promoter sequence
   Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for AR

Epigenetics:
QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat AR


Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: Xq12   Ensembl cytogenetic band:  Xq12   HGNC cytogenetic band: Xq12

AR Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
AR gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome X         GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC0XP066763:  view genomic region     (about GC identifiers)

Start:
 66,763,874 bp from pter      End:
 66,950,461 bp from pter
Size:
 186,588 bases      Orientation:
 plus strand

Proteins
for AR gene

(According to 1UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to 2PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: ANDR_HUMAN, P10275 (See protein sequence)
Recommended Name: Androgen receptor  
Size: 919 amino acids; 98989 Da
Subunit: Binds DNA as a homodimer. Part of a ternary complex containing AR, EFCAB6/DJBP and PARK7. Interacts with HIPK3
and NR0B2 in the presence of androgen. The ligand binding domain interacts with KAT7/HBO1 in the presence of
dihydrotestosterone. Interacts with EFCAB6/DJBP, PELP1, PQBP1, RANBP9, RBAK, SPDEF, SRA1, TGFB1I1, ZNF318 and RREB1.
Interacts with ZMIZ1/ZIMP10 and ZMIZ2/ZMIP7 which both enhance its transactivation activity. Interacts with SLC30A9
and RAD54L2/ARIP4 (By similarity). Interacts via the ligand-binding domain with LXXLL and FXXLF motifs from NCOA1,
NCOA2, NCOA3, NCOA4 and MAGEA11. The AR N-terminal poly-Gln region binds Ran resulting in enhancement of AR-mediated
transactivation. Ran-binding decreases as the poly-Gln length increases. Interacts with HIP1 (via coiled coil domain).
Interacts (via ligand-binding domain) with TRIM68. Interacts with TNK2. Interacts with USP26. Interacts with RNF6.
Interacts (regulated by RNF6 probably through polyubiquitination) with RNF14; regulates AR transcriptional activity.
Interacts with PRMT2 and TRIM24. Interacts with GNB2L1/RACK1. Interacts with RANBP10; this interaction enhances
dihydrotestosterone-induced AR transcriptional activity. Interacts with PRPF6 in a hormone-independent way; this
interaction enhances dihydrotestosterone-induced AR transcriptional activity. Interacts with STK4/MST1. Interacts with
ZIPK/DAPK3. Interacts with LPXN. Interacts with MAK. Part of a complex containing AR, MAK and NCOA3
Subcellular location: Nucleus. Cytoplasm. Note=Predominantly cytoplasmic in unligated form but translocates to the
nucleus upon ligand-binding. Can also translocate to the nucleus in unligated form in the presence of GNB2L1
Miscellaneous: In the absence of ligand, steroid hormone receptors are thought to be weakly associated with nuclear
components; hormone binding greatly increases receptor affinity. The hormone-receptor complex appears to recognize
discrete DNA sequences upstream of transcriptional start sites
Miscellaneous: Transcriptional activity is enhanced by binding to RANBP9
Miscellaneous: The level of tyrosine phosphorylation may serve as a diagnostic tool to predict patient outcome in
response to hormone-ablation therapy. Inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation may be an effective intervention target
for hormone-refractory prostate cancer
6/54 PDB 3D structures from and Proteopedia for AR (see all 54):
1E3G (3D)        1GS4 (3D)        1T5Z (3D)        1T63 (3D)        1T65 (3D)        1XJ7 (3D)    
Secondary accessions: A2RUN2 B1AKD7 Q9UD95
Alternative splicing: 2 isoforms:  P10275-1   P10275-2   

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for AR: NX_P10275

Post-translational modifications:

  • Sumoylated on Lys-386 (major) and Lys-520. Ubiquitinated. Deubiquitinated by USP26. 'Lys-6' and 'Lys-27'-linked
    • polyubiquitination by RNF6 modulates AR transcriptional activity and specificity1
  • Phosphorylated in prostate cancer cells in response to several growth factors including EGF. Phosphorylation is induced
    • by c-Src kinase (CSK). Tyr-534 is one of the major phosphorylation sites and an increase in phosphorylation and Src
    kinase activity is associated with prostate cancer progression. Phosphorylation by TNK2 enhances the DNA-binding and
    transcriptional activity and may be responsible for androgen-independent progression of prostate cancer.
    Phosphorylation at Ser-81 by CDK9 regulates AR promoter selectivity and cell growth. Phosphorylation by PAK6 leads to
    AR-mediated transcription inhibition1
  • Palmitoylated by ZDHHC7 and ZDHHC21. Palmitoylation is required for plasma membrane targeting and for rapid
    • intracellular signaling via ERK and AKT kinases and cAMP generation1
  • View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus2
  • View neXtProt modification sites for NX_P10275

    • AR Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb:    About this image 
    Estimated protein expression log10 (pmol).

    REFSEQ proteins (2 alternative transcripts): 
    NP_000035.2  NP_001011645.1  

    ENSEMBL proteins: 
     ENSP00000363822   ENSP00000421155   ENSP00000425199   ENSP00000379358   ENSP00000379359  
    Reactome Protein details: P10275
    Human Recombinant Protein Products: 
    Browse Purified and Recombinant Proteins at EMD Millipore
    Browse R&D Systems for human recombinant proteins
    Browse recombinant and purified proteins available from Enzo Life Sciences
    Browse OriGene full length recombinant human proteins expressed in human HEK293 cells
    OriGene Protein Over-expression Lysate (see all 2): AR
    OriGene Custom Protein Services for AR 
    GenScript Custom Purified and Recombinant Proteins Services for AR
    Novus Biologicals AR Protein
    Novus Biologicals AR Lysates
    Browse Sino Biological Recombinant Proteins
    Browse ProSpec Recombinant Proteins
    Uscn Proteins for AR

    Gene Ontology (GO): 5/8 cellular component terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 8):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0000790nuclear chromatin IDA17505061
    GO:0005634nucleus IDA19345326
    GO:0005654nucleoplasm TAS--
    GO:0005737cytoplasm IDA15572661
    GO:0005886plasma membrane IEA--


    AR for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    AR Antibody Products: 
    EMD Millipore Mono- and Polyclonal Antibodies for the study of AR
    R&D Systems Antibodies for AR (Androgen R/NR3C4)
    Cell Signaling Technology (CST) Antibodies for AR 
    OriGene Antibodies (see all 4): AR
    OriGene Custom Antibody Services for AR 
    GenScript Superior Antibodies for AR
    Novus Biologicals AR Antibodies
    Abcam antibodies for AR 
    Uscn Antibodies for AR
    ThermoFisher Antibody for AR

    Assay Products for AR: 
    Browse Kits and Assays available from EMD Millipore
    OriGene Custom Immunoassay Development
    Browse OriGene Fluorogenic Cell Assay Kits
    Browse R&D Systems for biochemical assays
    GenScript Custom Assay Services for AR
    Browse Enzo Life Sciences for kits & assays
    Uscn ELISAs and CLIAs for AR

    Protein Domains /
    Families
    for AR gene

    (According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
    About This Section
    AR for domains           About GeneDecksing

    5 InterPro domains/families:
     IPR013088 Znf_NHR/GATA
     IPR008946 Nucl_hormone_rcpt_ligand-bd
     IPR000536 Nucl_hrmn_rcpt_lig-bd_core
     IPR001628 Znf_hrmn_rcpt
     IPR001103 Andrgn_rcpt

    Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry P10275

    ProtoNet protein and cluster: P10275

    1 Blocks protein family: IPB001103 Androgen receptor signature

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: ANDR_HUMAN, P10275
    Domain: Composed of three domains: a modulating N-terminal domain, a DNA-binding domain and a C-terminal ligand-binding
    domain. In the presence of bound steroid the ligand-binding domain interacts with the N-terminal modulating domain,
    and thereby activates AR transcription factor activity. Agonist binding is required for dimerization and binding to
    target DNA. The transcription factor activity of the complex formed by ligand-activated AR and DNA is modulated by
    interactions with coactivator and corepressor proteins. Interaction with RANBP9 is mediated by both the N-terminal
    domain and the DNA-binding domain. Interaction with EFCAB6/DJBP is mediated by the DNA-binding domain
    Similarity: Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR3 subfamily
    Similarity: Contains 1 nuclear receptor DNA-binding domain


    Function
    for AR gene

    (According to 1UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or 2DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
    bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
    About This Section
    Function Summary:

         UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: ANDR_HUMAN, P10275
    Function: Steroid hormone receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate eukaryotic gene expression
    and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Transcription factor activity is modulated by
    bound coactivator and corepressor proteins. Transcription activation is down-regulated by NR0B2. Activated, but not
    phosphorylated, by HIPK3 and ZIPK/DAPK3
    Enzyme regulation: AIM-100 (4-amino-5,6-biaryl-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine) suppresses TNK2-mediated phosphorylation at
    Tyr-267. Inhibits the binding of the Tyr-267 phosphorylated form to androgen-responsive enhancers (AREs) and its
    transcriptional activity

         Genatlas biochemistry entry for AR:
    androgen receptor,steroid/thyroid hormone,receptor superfamily

    miRNA
    Products:            		miRTarBase miRNAs that target AR:
    hsa-mir-488 (MIRT003789)

    OriGene 3'-UTR Clone (see all 2): AR
    Browse MicroRNA Expression Plasmids
    QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat AR
    8/22 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate AR (see all 22):
    hsa-miR-644 hsa-miR-3678-3p hsa-miR-509-5p hsa-miR-301a hsa-miR-3125 hsa-miR-3916 hsa-miR-124 hsa-miR-298
    SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: AR 3' UTR sequence
    Inhib. RNA
    Products:            		Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
    OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for AR (see all 7)
    OriGene shRNA RFP: AR
    OriGene siRNA: AR
    QIAGEN FlexiTube/FlexiPlate siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat AR

    Gene Editing
    Products:    		DNA2.0 Custom Protein Engineering Service for AR

    Clone
    Products:             		Browse Clones for the Expression of Recombinant Proteins Available from EMD Millipore
    OriGene Myc/DDK tagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for AR (see all 4)
    OriGene untagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for AR (see all 2)
    OriGene custom cloning services – gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling 
    GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector: AR (NM_001605)
    Browse Sino Biological Human cDNA Clones
    DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene Synthesis Service for AR
    Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat AR 

    Cell Line
    Products:             		GenScript Custom overexpressing Cell Line Services for AR
    Search LifeMap BioReagents cell lines for AR

    In Situ Assay
    Products:       
         		Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for AR

    Gene Ontology (GO): 5/20 molecular function terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 20):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0001085RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding IPI16120611
    GO:0003677DNA binding NAS10075738
    GO:0003682chromatin binding IDA--
    GO:0003700sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity IDA11477070
    GO:0004879ligand-activated sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity IDA17277772


    AR for ontologies           About GeneDecksing


    1 GenomeRNAi human phenotype for AR:
     Synthetic lethal with Ras 

    Animal Models:
         Mouse knock-outs for AR: Artm1Ska Artm1.1Chc Artm1.1Verh Artm1.1Jdz Artm1.1Reb
         15/21 MGI mutant phenotypes (inferred from 19 alleles) (MGI details for Ar) (see all 21):
     adipose tissue  behavior/neurological  cardiovascular system  cellular  digestive/alimentary 
     embryogenesis  endocrine/exocrine gland  growth/size  hematopoietic system  homeostasis/metabolism 
     immune system  integument  liver/biliary system  mortality/aging  muscle 

    AR for phenotypes           About GeneDecksing


    Pathways & Interactions
    for AR gene

    (Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to 1UniProtKB, 2MINT, 3I2D, and/or 4STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
    About This Section

    Unified GeneCards pathways - 5/26 super-pathways (see all 26) About this table 
    See pathways by source

    Super-pathwaycontained gene-specific pathways
    1Transcription_Role of VDR in regulation of genes involved in osteoporosis
    		Transcription_Role of VDR in regulation of genes involved in osteoporosis1.00
    		Transcription Role of VDR in regulation of genes involved in osteoporosis0.80
    2Translation_Non-genomic (rapid) action of Androgen Receptor
    		Translation_Non-genomic (rapid) action of Androgen Receptor1.00
    		Translation Non-genomic (rapid) action of Androgen Receptor0.99
    3Transcription_Androgen Receptor nuclear signaling
    		Transcription_Androgen Receptor nuclear signaling1.00
    		Transcription Androgen Receptor nuclear signaling0.99
    4Nuclear Receptor transcription pathway
    		Nuclear Receptor transcription pathway1.00
    		Nuclear Receptors0.68
    5Generic Transcription Pathway
    		Generic Transcription Pathway1.00
    		Gene Expression0.46

    Pathway sources
    See GeneCards unified pathways
    Show all pathways

    4 EMD Millipore Pathways for AR
        Transcription Androgen Receptor nuclear signaling
    Transcription Role of VDR in regulation of genes involved in osteoporosis
    Translation Non-genomic (rapid) action of Androgen Receptor
    Signal transduction PKA signaling

    1 R&D Systems Pathway for AR
        TGF-beta Signaling Pathways

    2 Downloadable PowerPoint Slides of QIAGEN Pathway Central Maps for AR
        Androgen Signaling
    Akt Signaling

    4 GeneGo (Thomson Reuters) Pathways for AR
        Transcription Androgen Receptor nuclear signaling
    Signal transduction PKA signaling
    Transcription Role of VDR in regulation of genes involved in osteoporosis
    Translation Non-genomic (rapid) action of Androgen Receptor

    5/16 BioSystems Pathways for AR (see all 16) 
        Nuclear Receptors
    Integrated Breast Cancer Pathway
    SIDS Susceptibility Pathways
    IL-6 Signaling Pathway
    Alpha6-Beta4 Integrin Signaling Pathway

    3        Reactome Pathways for AR
        Generic Transcription Pathway
    Nuclear Receptor transcription pathway
    Gene Expression


    3         Kegg Pathways  (Kegg details for AR):
        Oocyte meiosis
    Pathways in cancer
    Prostate cancer


    AR for pathways           About GeneDecksing

    Interactions:

        SABiosciences Gene Network CentralTM Interacting Genes and Proteins Network for AR

    STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 25)

    5/303 Interacting proteins for AR (P102751, 2, 3 ENSP000003638224) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 303)
    InteractantInteraction Details
    GeneCardExternal ID(s)
    KAT7O952511, 2, 3, ENSP000002590214EBI-608057,EBI-473199 MINT-16599 MINT-16598 MINT-16600 I2D: score=4 STRING: ENSP00000259021
    NCOA2Q155961, 2, 3, ENSP000003999684EBI-608057,EBI-81236 MINT-49804 I2D: score=6 STRING: ENSP00000399968
    WHSC1O960282, 3, ENSP000003291674MINT-7103766 MINT-7103800 MINT-7103785 MINT-7103819 MINT-7103748 I2D: score=2 STRING: ENSP00000329167
    IFI16Q166662, 3, ENSP000003571134MINT-1781599 MINT-1781673 MINT-1781653 I2D: score=2 STRING: ENSP00000357113
    FHL2Q141922, 3, ENSP000003229094MINT-16358 MINT-16359 I2D: score=3 STRING: ENSP00000322909
    About this table

    Gene Ontology (GO): 5/52 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 52):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0001701in utero embryonic development IEA--
    GO:0003073regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure IEA--
    GO:0006351transcription, DNA-dependent IDA15572661
    GO:0006355regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent ----
    GO:0006357regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter ----


    AR for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    Drugs & Compounds
    for AR gene

    (Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
    About This Section

    AR for compounds           About GeneDecksing

    Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore
    Enzo Life Sciences drugs & compounds for AR

    Compounds for AR available from Tocris Bioscience    About this table
    CompoundAction CAS #
    NilutamideAndrogen receptor antagonist. Orally active[63612-50-0]
    BicalutamideNon-steroidal androgen receptor antagonist[90357-06-5]
    Cl-4AS-1Steroidal androgen receptor agonist[188589-66-4]
    FinasterideType II 5alpha-reductase inhibitor[98319-26-7]
    TFM-4AS-1Selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM)--

    6 HMDB Compounds for AR    About this table
    CompoundSynonyms CAS #PubMed Ids
    Androsterone(3R,5S,8R,9S,10S,13S,14S)-3-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-one (see all 28)53-41-87591265
    Androstenedione(4)-Androsten-3,17-dione (see all 14)63-05-8--
    Dihydrotestosterone17-Hydroxy-androstan-3-one (see all 31)521-18-6--
    FinasterideFinasterida (see all 8)98319-26-7--
    Nandrolone(17-beta)-17-Hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one (see all 23)434-22-0--
    Testosterone(+)-testosterone (see all 86)58-22-0--

    10/40 DrugBank Compounds for AR (see all 40)    About this table
    CompoundSynonyms CAS #TypeActionsPubMed Ids
    Nilutamide-- 63612-50-0targetantagonist6374639 20541672 3320565 12496872 3071951 11752352 12497018 16986000 12497048
    Flutamide-- 13311-84-7targetantagonist10752671 10822172 11752352 10879806 11162924 12231070 10500149
    Bicalutamide-- 90357-06-5targetantagonist11752352 10754148 11931851 10500149 12517791 10076535
    Calusterone17-beta-Hydroxy-7-beta,17-alpha-dimethylandrost-4-ene-3-one (see all 11)17021-26-0target--17016423 17322500 11511858 152592 17084172 17086931
    FluoxymesteroneAndrofluorene (see all 8)76-43-7targetagonist17023534 10077001 11752352 6439037 8119180 2521824
    Methyltestosterone17-methyltestosterone (see all 3)58-18-4targetagonist17202804 11752352 17322500 17128417 17084172 17086931
    Nandrolone phenpropionate19NTPP (see all 11)434-22-0targetagonist14619588 14761877 12760377 11752352 14663936 17405825
    TestosteroneTES (see all 9)58-22-0targetagonist17202804 11752352 17322500 17128417 17084172 17086931
    Testosterone Propionate-- 57-85-2targetagonist17202804 17322500 17128417 12604714 17084172 17086931
    Cyproterone-- 2098-66-0targetantagonist15483189 17139284 19463689 17016423 15579329

    10/132 Novoseek chemical compound relationships for AR gene (see all 132)    About this table
    Compound   -log (P-Val)   Hits   PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
    testosterone 96.6 5022 10551783 (11), 11181525 (8), 8961268 (8), 9383273 (7) (see all 99)
    dihydrotestosterone 92.4 526 8883929 (5), 16434977 (4), 1425449 (4), 18695894 (4) (see all 99)
    bicalutamide 92.4 197 17804755 (5), 15754350 (4), 10828827 (4), 12517791 (3) (see all 96)
    hydroxyflutamide 92.3 102 12941811 (3), 16129672 (3), 12414626 (2), 15166229 (2) (see all 58)
    r1881 85.8 30 18591159 (3), 7784269 (3), 1526623 (2), 2214782 (1) (see all 19)
    flutamide 80 96 10363963 (4), 17559882 (3), 17984247 (3), 16281084 (2) (see all 61)
    steroid 79.3 238 12923188 (3), 2177837 (3), 8067700 (2), 8043498 (2) (see all 99)
    mibolerone 78.8 15 2214782 (1), 2127955 (1), 8446106 (1), 1722054 (1) (see all 11)
    estrogen 77.6 393 9593644 (4), 16123086 (3), 1654243 (3), 18030175 (3) (see all 99)
    cyproteroneacetate 76.3 79 15256534 (4), 14744261 (3), 12573824 (2), 8146066 (2) (see all 32)

    Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about AR / ANDR 

    Transcripts
    for AR gene

    (Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
    GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
    Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
    RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
    DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
    exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
    RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
    siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN,
    Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
    About This Section
    REFSEQ mRNAs for AR gene (2 alternative transcripts): 
    NM_000044.3  NM_001011645.2  

    Unigene Cluster for AR:

    Androgen receptor
    Hs.76704  [show with all ESTs]
    Unigene Representative Sequence: NM_000044
    6 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant:
    ENST00000374690(uc004dwu.2 uc022byk.1 uc004dwv.2) ENST00000513847(uc011mpd.2)
    ENST00000504326(uc011mpf.1 uc022byj.1) ENST00000514029(uc011mpe.1)
    ENST00000396043 ENST00000396044

    miRNA
    Products:             		 OriGene 3'-UTR Clone (see all 2): AR
    Browse OriGene MicroRNA Expression Plasmids
    QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat AR
    8/22 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate AR (see all 22):
    hsa-miR-644 hsa-miR-3678-3p hsa-miR-509-5p hsa-miR-301a hsa-miR-3125 hsa-miR-3916 hsa-miR-124 hsa-miR-298
    SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: AR 3' UTR sequence
    Inhib. RNA
    Products:             		Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
    OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for AR (see all 7)
    OriGene shRNA RFP: AR
    OriGene siRNA: AR
    QIAGEN FlexiTube/FlexiPlate siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat AR
    Clone
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    GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector: AR (NM_001605)
    DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene Synthesis Service for AR
    Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat AR 
    Primer
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      QIAGEN QuantiTect SYBR Green Assays in human, mouse, rat AR
      QIAGEN QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat AR

    Additional cDNA sequence: 

    AF162704.1 AF321914.1 AF321915.1 AF321916.1 AF321917.1 BC132975.1 FJ235916.1 FJ235917.1 
    FJ235918.1 FJ235919.1 FJ235920.1 GU208210.1 HM055487.1 HQ692823.1 L29496.1 M20132.1 
    M20260.1 M21748.1 M23263.1 M34233.1 M73069.1 

    9 DOTS entries:

    DT.113506  DT.113163  DT.95340817  DT.95340822  DT.97839012  DT.91712255  DT.75139451  DT.91665721 
    DT.121314197 

    22 AceView cDNA sequences:

    AF321917 AW294182 AI659563 AF321915 AL704463 NM_000044 M34233 AF321916 
    AA230070 L29496 M20260 BE858867 AF321914 M20132 M23263 AF162704 
    AW951855 CF140197 AA229063 BX106842 T28396 AF324243 

    GeneLoc Exon Structure


    Expression
    for AR gene

    (RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
    PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
    About This Section

    AR expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
    See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
    About this imageBioGPS
    CGAP TAG: GCACCTTCAG

    Microarray
    RNAseq (Illumina Body Map)
    (100×FPKM)½
    SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression)
    About this image

    AR expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells
    Expression by the Database of Embryonic development, Stem cell research, and Regenerative medicine    About this table
    5 LifeMap In Vivo Development Anatomical Compartments/Cells 
    Tissue Anatomical Compartment CellCategory (developmental path)
    OvaryPrimary FollicleGranulosa CellsOvary
    TestisSeminiferous TubulesSertoli cellsTestis
    TestisTestis CordPeritubular Myoid CellsReproductive System
    TestisTestis InterstitiumLeydig CellsTestis
    AdiposeVisceral White AdiposeAdipose
    Expression: Positive    Negative     Selective marker
    Experimental details: Curated     Microarrays     In-situ hybridization
    Stem Cell Differentiation: 2 LifeMap Cells 
    NameCategory
    PureStem™ progenitor EN2 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)
    Nkx2-1 GFP+ cells (Efficient derivation...)

    See AR Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
    Genevestigator expression for AR

    SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.76704

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: ANDR_HUMAN, P10275
    Tissue specificity: Isoform 2 is mainly expressed in heart and skeletal muscle

        SABiosciences Expression via Pathway-Focused PCR Arrays including AR (see all 7): 
              Breast Cancer in human mouse rat
              TGFB Signaling Targets in human mouse rat
              Transcription Factors in human mouse rat
              Prostate Cancer in human mouse rat
              Nuclear Receptors & Coregulators in human mouse rat

    Primer
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    In Situ
    Assay Products:     
         		Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for AR

    Orthologs
    for AR gene

    (Orthologs according to 1,2HomoloGene (2older version, for species not in 1newer version), 3euGenes, 4SGD , 5MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or 6Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
    About This Section
    This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals.

    Orthologs for AR gene from 5/16 species (see all 16)    About this table
    Organism Taxonomic
    classification    		 Gene Description Human
    Similarity    		 Orthology
    Type    		 Details
    chicken
    (Gallus gallus)    		 Aves AR1 androgen receptor 71.16(n)
    72.02(a)    		   422165  NM_001040090.1  NP_001035179.1 
    lizard
    (Anolis carolinensis)    		 Reptilia Q9IA30_ANOCA6
    		 Androgen receptor Fragment
    		 91(a)
    		 1 ↔ 1
    		 GL343465.1(293451-345860)
    African clawed frog
    (Xenopus laevis)    		 Amphibia Xl.4262 Xenopus laevis androgen receptor alpha isoform (X1 more 80.66(n)    U67129.1 
    zebrafish
    (Danio rerio)    		 Actinopterygii ar6
    		 androgen receptor
    		 41(a)
    		 1 ↔ 1
    		 5(37179505-37297038)
    worm
    (Caenorhabditis elegans)    		 Secernentea nhr-256
    		 Nuclear hormone receptor family member nhr-25
    		 12(a)
    		 1 → many
    		 X(13008424-13013892)


    ENSEMBL Gene Tree for AR (if available)
    TreeFam Gene Tree for AR (if available) 

    Paralogs
    for AR gene

    (Paralogs according to 1HomoloGene,
    2Ensembl, and 3SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to 4Pseudogene.org Build 68)
    About This Section
    Paralogs for AR gene
    ESRRA2  RXRG2  PGR2  ESR22  ESRRB2  HNF4G2  NR2F62  NR2E12  
    ESRRG2  NR3C22  RXRA2  NR2F12  NR3C12  NR2F22  ESR12  NR2C12  
    HNF4A2  NR2C22  RXRB2  
    17 SIMAP similar genes for AR using alignment to 19 protein entries:     ANDR_HUMAN (see all proteins):
    NR3C4    AR8    NR3C2    ESRRA    ESR1    NR1I3
    HNF4alpha    HNF4G    NR3C1    PGR    NR5A1    RORA
    THRB    VDR    ESRRG    NR2C2    NR1H3

    AR for paralogs           About GeneDecksing



    Genomic Variants
    for AR gene

    (SNPs/Variants according to the 1NCBI SNP Database, 2Ensembl, 3PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
    About This Section

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: ANDR_HUMAN, P10275
    Polymorphism: The poly-Gln region of AR is highly polymorphic and the number of Gln varies in the population (from 17
    to 26). A smaller size of the poly-Gln region may be associated with the development of prostate cancer
    Polymorphism: The poly-Gly region of AR is polymorphic and ranges from 24 to 31 Gly. A poly-Gly region shorter or equal
    to 23 may be associated with the development of androgenetic alopecia


    10/1928 NCBI SNPs in AR are shown (see all 1928)     About this table
    Genomic DataTranscription Related DataAllele Frequencies
    SNP IDValidClinical
    significance    		Chr X posSequence#AA
    Chg    		TypeMore#Allele
    freq    		PopTotal
    sample    		More
    ----------
    rs1048947421,2
    		Cpathogenic66764992(+) GGATGA/GAAGTG 2 K E mis10--------
    rs18000531,2
    		C,Fpathogenic66931295(+) AGAGGC/ATTCCA 4 /D /A mis11Minor allele frequency- A:0.00NA 4320
    rs1378525931,2
    		C,pathogenic66937326(+) CTTCCG/TCAACT 4 R L mis10--------
    rs1378525621,2
    		Cpathogenic66941679(+) GGTACC/TGCATG 4 R C mis10--------
    rs1378525911,2
    		C,Fpathogenic66941751(+) GGCTCC/GAAATC 4 Q E mis11Minor allele frequency- G:0.00NA 4552
    rs1378525771,2
    		Cpathogenic66942740(+) TCGATC/TGTATC 4 R C mis10--------
    rs93329691,2
    		C,F,Hpathogenic66942741(+) CGATCG/ATATCA 4 /H /R mis1 ese34Minor allele frequency- A:0.01EA NS NA 264
    rs93329711,2
    		C,F,Hpathogenic66942786(+) AAGACG/ACTTCT 4 /H /R mis1 ese36Minor allele frequency- A:0.01EA NS NA 506
    rs1378526001,2
    		Cprobable-pathogenic66937377(+) GATGGA/G/TGCTCA 6 E G V mis10--------
    rs1378525641,2
    		Cprobable-pathogenic66942818(+) ACTCCA/G/TTGCAG 6 M V L mis10--------

    HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for AR (66763874 - 66950461 bp)
    Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
    Database of Genomic Variants (DGV): 6 variations for AR
         5 CNVs: 83567 9347 96731 3266 4154
         1 Indel: 83568
    Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): AR

    Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB): AR

    SABiosciences Cancer Mutation PCR Assays
    3 SABiosciences qBiomarker Copy Number PCR Arrays containing AR:
    Oncogenes & Tumor Suppressor Genes 384HC
    WNT Signaling
    Prostate Cancer
    QIAGEN SeqTarget long-range PCR primers in human, mouse, rat for resequencing AR
    DNA2.0 Custom Variant and Variant Library Synthesis for AR

    Disorders / Diseases
    for AR gene

    (in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Novoseek, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
    About This Section
    AR for disorders           About GeneDecksing

    OMIM gene information: 313700   
    OMIM disorders: 300068  313200  312300  176807  300633  
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: ANDR_HUMAN, P10275
  • Defects in AR are the cause of androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) [MIM:300068]; previously known as
    • testicular feminization syndrome (TFM). AIS is an X-linked recessive form of pseudohermaphroditism due end-organ
    resistance to androgen. Affected males have female external genitalia, female breast development, blind vagina, absent
    uterus and female adnexa, and abdominal or inguinal testes, despite a normal 46,XY karyotype
  • Defects in AR are the cause of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy X-linked type 1 (SMAX1) [MIM:313200]; also
    • known as Kennedy disease. SMAX1 is an X-linked recessive form of spinal muscular atrophy. Spinal muscular atrophy
    refers to a group of neuromuscular disorders characterized by degeneration of the anterior horn cells of the spinal
    cord, leading to symmetrical muscle weakness and atrophy. SMAX1 occurs only in men. Age at onset is usually in the
    third to fifth decade of life, but earlier involvement has been reported. It is characterized by slowly progressive
    limb and bulbar muscle weakness with fasciculations, muscle atrophy, and gynecomastia. The disorder is clinically
    similar to classic forms of autosomal spinal muscular atrophy. Note=Caused by trinucleotide CAG repeat expansion. In
    SMAX1 patients the number of Gln ranges from 38 to 62. Longer expansions result in earlier onset and more severe
    clinical manifestations of the disease
  • Note=Defects in AR may play a role in metastatic prostate cancer. The mutated receptor stimulates prostate
    • growth and metastases development despite of androgen ablation. This treatment can reduce primary and metastatic
    lesions probably by inducing apoptosis of tumor cells when they express the wild-type receptor
  • Defects in AR are the cause of androgen insensitivity syndrome partial (PAIS) [MIM:312300]; also known as
    • Reifenstein syndrome. PAIS is characterized by hypospadias, hypogonadism, gynecomastia, genital ambiguity, normal XY
    karyotype, and a pedigree pattern consistent with X-linked recessive inheritance. Some patients present azoospermia or
    severe oligospermia without other clinical manifestations

    20/210 diseases for AR (see all 210):    About MalaCards
    spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy    spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy of kennedy    muscular atrophy    androgen insensitivity syndrome
    kennedy's disease    virilization    hypospadias 1, x-linked    androgen insensitivity, partial, with or without breast cancer
    spermatogenesis arrest    androgen insensitivity syndrome, partial    prostate cancer    46, xy disorders of sex development
    prostatitis    complete androgen insensitivity syndrome    21-hydroxylase deficiency    estrogen-receptor negative breast cancer
    estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer    gender identity disorder    spinal muscular atrophy    machado-joseph disease

    14 diseases from the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database for AR:
    Androgen insensitivity syndrome     Prostate cancer     Spinal muscular atrophy     Hypospadias
    Male infertility     Breast cancer     Gynecomastia     dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy
    Cryptorchidism     Carcinoma     Muscular atrophy     Pseudohermaphroditism
    Infertility     Huntington's disease

    10/95 Novoseek disease relationships for AR gene (see all 95)    About this table

    Disease   -log (P-Val)   Hits   PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
    prostate cancer 93.3 2220 12970746 (8), 16598769 (6), 19628766 (6), 10910077 (6) (see all 99)
    androgen insensitivity syndrome 93.2 99 19178528 (2), 9039340 (2), 11549642 (2), 11282274 (1) (see all 84)
    androgen insensitivity syndrome partial 90.5 24 9177411 (3), 1472458 (2), 8325932 (1), 8834252 (1) (see all 17)
    androgen insensitivity syndrome complete 87.5 39 9177411 (2), 19023143 (2), 9610419 (1), 10092153 (1) (see all 36)
    kennedy disease 86.5 31 7852512 (3), 7489816 (2), 16981011 (2), 8065934 (1) (see all 26)
    spinobulbar muscular atrophy 78 11 9177411 (2), 9466993 (1), 9642623 (1), 11751688 (1) (see all 9)
    prostate carcinoma 74.3 99 15029260 (3), 7541709 (3), 7971517 (3), 9267828 (3) (see all 68)
    virilization 71.8 33 9360511 (3), 12242031 (3), 15713272 (2), 9039340 (2) (see all 22)
    recurrent prostate cancer 67.6 19 14532783 (4), 14662770 (3), 16619264 (2), 15833875 (1) (see all 9)
    benign prostatic hyperplasia 65.3 43 14654929 (2), 9816246 (2), 12845678 (1), 16483160 (1) (see all 33)

    GeneTests: AR
    Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
    Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy

    Genetic Association Database (GAD): AR
    Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: AR (1395 documents)
    Tumor Gene Database (TGDB): AR

    Export disorders for AR gene to outside databases

    Publications
    for AR gene

    (in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via 1Entrez Gene, 2UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 3HGNC, 4GAD, 5PharmGKB, 6HMDB, 7DrugBank, 8UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 9 Novoseek, and/or 10fRNAdb)
    About This Section

    PubMed articles for AR gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 2957):
    (articles sorted by number of sources associating them with AR)    		    Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
    world of online information

    1. Mutations in the androgen receptor gene are associated with progression of human prostate cancer to androgen independence. (PubMed id 9816170)1, 2, 4, 9 Tilley W.D.... Bentel J.M. (1996)
    2. Structural basis for the glucocorticoid response in a mutant human androgen receptor (AR(ccr)) derived from an androgen-independent prostate cancer. (PubMed id 11906285)1, 2, 7 Matias P.M.... Donner P. (2002)
    3. Polymorphism of the androgen receptor gene is associated with male pattern baldness. (PubMed id 11231320)1, 2, 4 Ellis J.A.... Harrap S.B. (2001)
    4. An androgen receptor mutation in the direct vicinity of the proposed C-terminal alpha-helix of the ligand binding domain containing the AF- 2 transcriptional activating function core is associated with complete androgen insensitivity. (PubMed id 10221770)1, 2, 4 Peters I....Spindler K.D. (1999)
    5. Androgen receptor gene mutations are rarely associated with isolated penile hypospadias. (PubMed id 8683794)1, 2, 4 Sutherland R.W.... Lamb D.J. (1996)
    6. Mutant androgen receptors in prostatic tumors distinguish between amino-acid-sequence requirements for transactivation and ligand binding. (PubMed id 7591265)1, 2, 6 Peterziel H.... Cato A.C.B. (1995)
    7. Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome associated with a de novo mutation of the androgen receptor gene detected by single strand conformation polymorphism. (PubMed id 8096390)1, 2, 4 Lobaccaro J.-M.... Sultan C. (1993)
    8. Cloning, structure and expression of a cDNA encoding the human androgen receptor. (PubMed id 3377788)1, 2, 3 Trapman J....Brinkmann A.O. (1988)
    9. Molecular cloning of human and rat complementary DNA encoding androgen receptors. (PubMed id 3353726)1, 2, 3 Chang C.... Liao S. (1988)
    10. Functional characterization of naturally occurring mutant androgen receptors from subjects with complete androgen insensitivity. (PubMed id 2082179)1, 2, 9 Brown T.R....Corfen J.L. (1990)

    External Searches for AR gene

    (in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
    About This Section
     ANDOR
    Aliases
    Disorders
    Free Text  
      Query String
    		PubMed
    OMIM
    NCBI Bookshelf
      (Note: In FireFox, select the above section and copy using Ctrl-C)

    Genome Databases showing AR gene

    (According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
    About This Section
    Entrez Gene: 367 HGNC: 644 AceView: AR Ensembl:ENSG00000169083 euGenes: HUgn367
    ECgene: AR Kegg: 367 H-InvDB: AR

    Other Databases showing AR gene

    (According to HUGE)
    About This Section
    		   --

    Specialized Databases showing AR gene

    (According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
    Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
    About This Section
    NameDescription
    PharmGKB entry for AR Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways
    ATLAS Chromosomes in Cancer entry for AR Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
    Androgen receptor gene mutations databasehttp://androgendb.mcgill.ca
    GeneReviewshttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/GeneTests/lab/gene/AR
    Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen_receptor

    Intellectual Property
    for AR gene

    (Patent information from GeneIP,
    Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts,
    IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)
    About This Section
    		Patent Information for AR gene:
    Search GeneIP for patents involving AR

    GeneCards and IP:
    Japan Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     European Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     Improving the IP Search



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    About This Section

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