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Category   Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21
GIFtS

AKR1E2 Gene

protein-coding   GIFtS: 46
GCID: GC10P004829

aldo-keto reductase family 1, member E2

(Previous names: aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C-like 2 )
(Previous symbols: AKRDC1, AKR1CL2)
 Explore 2 diseases affiliated with
AKR1E2 via our new
 Human Malady Compendium 
Biological research products
for AKR1E2
    

(According to 1HGNC, 2Entrez Gene,
3UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 4UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 5OMIM, 6GeneLoc, 7Ensembl, 8DME, 9miRBase, and/or 10fRNAdb)
About This Section

Aliases
Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1, Member E21 2     HTSP1
AKR1CL21 2 3     EC 1.1.1.2633 8
AKRDC11 2 3     MGC106121
Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1, Member C-Like 21 2     1,5-Anhydro-D-Fructose Reductase2
Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C-Like Protein 22 3     Aldo-Keto Reductase LoopADR2
Testis-Specific Protein2 3     HtAKR1
LoopADR2 3     Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member E23
AF Reductase2 3     EC 1.1.18

External Ids:    HGNC: 234371   Entrez Gene: 835922   Ensembl: ENSG000001655687   UniProtKB: Q96JD63   

Export aliases for AKR1E2 gene to outside databases


(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

Entrez Gene summary for AKR1E2:
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily. Members in this family are
characterized by their structure (evolutionarily highly conserved TIM barrel) and function (NAD(P)H-dependent
oxido-reduction of carbonyl groups). Transcripts of this gene have been reported in specimens of human testis.
Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. (provided by RefSeq, Aug 2012)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: AKCL2_HUMAN, Q96JD6
Function: Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose (AF) to 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol. Can also
catalyze the reduction of various aldehydes and quinones (By similarity). Has low NADPH-dependent reductase activity
towards 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (in vitro)




(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section
RefSeq DNA sequence:
NC_000010.10  NC_018921.1  NT_008705.16  
Regulatory elements:
   Search SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites for AKR1E2
         Other transcription factors

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Epigenetics:
QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat AKR1E2


Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 10p15.1   Ensembl cytogenetic band:  10p15.1   HGNC cytogenetic band: 10p15.2

AKR1E2 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
AKR1E2 gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 10         GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC10P004829:  view genomic region     (about GC identifiers)

Start:
4,828,820 bp from pter      End:
4,890,254 bp from pter
Size:
61,435 bases      Orientation:
plus strand

(According to 1UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to 2PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: AKCL2_HUMAN, Q96JD6 (See protein sequence)
Recommended Name: 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase  
Size: 320 amino acids; 36589 Da
Subcellular location: Cytoplasm (Potential)
Secondary accessions: Q86Z16 Q86Z17 Q86Z18 Q9BU71
Alternative splicing: 5 isoforms:  Q96JD6-1   Q96JD6-2   Q96JD6-3   Q96JD6-4   Q96JD6-5   

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for AKR1E2: NX_Q96JD6

Post-translational modifications:

  • View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus2
  • View neXtProt modification sites for NX_Q96JD6

  • 4/6 DME Specific Peptides for AKR1E2 (Q96JD6) (see all 6)
     NIQVFDF  AIDAGYRH  NQIECHPYL  KLWCTCHKKSLV 

    AKR1E2 Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb:    About this image 
    AKR1E2 Protein Expression
    REFSEQ proteins (3 alternative transcripts): 
    NP_001035267.1  NP_001257950.1  NP_001257954.1  

    ENSEMBL proteins: 
     ENSP00000432861   ENSP00000435436   ENSP00000434437   ENSP00000436794   ENSP00000298375  
     ENSP00000432947   ENSP00000335034   ENSP00000335603   ENSP00000433496   ENSP00000431625  

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    Uscn Proteins for AKR1E2

    Gene Ontology (GO): 1 cellular component term (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0005737cytoplasm IEA--

    AKR1E2 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



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    (According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
    About This Section

    AKR1E2 for domains           About GeneDecksing

    4 InterPro domains/families:
     IPR001395 Aldo/ket_red
     IPR018170 Aldo/ket_reductase_CS
     IPR020471 Aldo/keto_reductase_subgr
     IPR023210 NADP_OxRdtase_dom

    Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry Q96JD6

    ProtoNet protein and cluster: Q96JD6

    1 Blocks protein family: IPB001395 Aldo/keto reductase

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: AKCL2_HUMAN, Q96JD6
    Similarity: Belongs to the aldo/keto reductase family


    (According to 1UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or 2DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013, inGenious Targeting Laboratory,
    bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase, shRNA from OriGene, Sirion Biotech, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Sirion Biotech, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, Sirion Biotech, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
    About This Section

    Molecular Function:

         UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary: AKCL2_HUMAN, Q96JD6
    Function: Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose (AF) to 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol. Can also
    catalyze the reduction of various aldehydes and quinones (By similarity). Has low NADPH-dependent reductase activity
    towards 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (in vitro)
    Catalytic activity: 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol + NADP(+) = 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose + NADPH
    Biophysicochemical properties: Kinetic parameters: KM=6.1 uM for 9,10-phenanthrenequinone with NADPH as cofactor;
    Vmax=0.42 nmol/min/mg enzyme towards 9,10-phenanthrenequinone with NADPH as cofactor;

         Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB): EC 1.1.1.2631 2 EC 1.1.12

         Gene Ontology (GO): 2 molecular function terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0016491oxidoreductase activity ----
    GO:00505711,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase activity IEA--
         
    AKR1E2 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing


    Phenotypes:
         1 GenomeRNAi human phenotype for AKR1E2:
     Decreased Wnt reporter activit 

    Animal Models:
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    (Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to 1UniProtKB, 2MINT, 3I2D, and/or 4STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
    About This Section



    Interactions:

        Search SABiosciences Gene Network CentralTM Interacting Genes and Proteins Networks for AKR1E2

    STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 1 interactants - click image to see more details)

    1 Interacting protein for AKR1E2 (ENSP000002983754) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D
    InteractantInteraction Details
    GeneCardExternal ID(s)
    EXOSC4ENSP000003154764STRING: ENSP00000315476
    About this table

    (Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
    About This Section
    Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore
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    Browse Tocris compounds for AKR1E2
    Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about AKR1E2 / AKCL2 

    (Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
    GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
    Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
    RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
    DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
    exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
    RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
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    Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
    About This Section

    REFSEQ mRNAs for AKR1E2 gene (4 alternative transcripts): 
    NM_001040177.2  NM_001271021.1  NM_001271025.1  NM_031436.2  

    Unigene Cluster for AKR1E2:

    Aldo-keto reductase family 1, member E2
    Hs.657944  [show with all ESTs]
    Unigene Representative Sequence: NR_073125
    13 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant:
    ENST00000462718 ENST00000533295 ENST00000474119 ENST00000463345(uc001ihh.1 uc001ihi.3 uc001ihj.3 uc001ihk.3 uc009xhw.3)
    ENST00000298375 ENST00000525281(uc010qam.1) ENST00000525627 ENST00000532248
    ENST00000334019 ENST00000345253 ENST00000441590 ENST00000525572 ENST00000487985


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    hsa-miR-3611
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    Additional cDNA sequence: 

    AB040820.1 AB040821.1 AB040822.1 AB055603.1 AF263242.1 AK074211.1 AK302155.1 BC002862.2 
    BC023972.1 NR_073125.1 NR_073126.1 NR_073127.1 

    9 DOTS entries:

    DT.200215  DT.100778415  DT.40282105  DT.97835014  DT.100778414  DT.100778416  DT.91674634  DT.121225001 
    DT.97799450 

    24/413 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 413):

    CB108102 AF263242 BM819993 CB108557 CB107471 BU158378 T15924 BU630856 
    BM979883 AI205722 BM982500 CB106549 CB108084 CB123890 AI203621 CB108526 
    BM976106 BU685864 CB119097 T11412 CB107086 CR598545 AA962456 CA310606 

    GeneLoc Exon Structure

    5/8 Alternative Splicing Database (ASD) splice patterns (SP) for AKR1E2 (see all 8)    About this scheme

    ExUns: 1 ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 4 ^ 5a · 5b · 5c ^ 6 ^ 7 ^ 8 ^ 9 ^ 10 ^ 11a · 11b ^ 12a · 12b
    SP1:              -                       -                                                         
    SP2:                                      -                                         -               
    SP3:                                      -                                                         
    SP4:                                      -                 -     -                 -               
    SP5:                                      -                 -     -                                 


    ECgene alternative splicing isoforms for AKR1E2

    (RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
    PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
    About This Section

    AKR1E2 expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
    See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
    About this imageBioGPS
    CGAP TAG: TAAATATGGC
    AKR1E2 Expression
    About this image
    See AKR1E2 Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
    Genevestigator expression for AKR1E2

    SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.657944

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: AKCL2_HUMAN, Q96JD6
    Tissue specificity: Testis-specific

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    (Orthologs according to 1,2HomoloGene (2older version, for species not in 1newer version), 3euGenes, 4SGD , 5MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or 6Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
    About This Section

    This gene was present in the common ancestor of eukaryotes.

    Orthologs for AKR1E2 gene from 6/20 species (see all 20)    About this table
    Organism Taxonomic
    classification
    Gene Description Human
    Similarity
    Orthology
    Type
    Details
    chicken
    (Gallus gallus)
    Aves Q90W83_CHICK6
    --
    Uncharacterized protein
    60(a)
    46(a)
    1 ↔ many
    1 ↔ many
    1(64610741-64618852)
    1(64241080-64249278)
    lizard
    (Anolis carolinensis)
    Reptilia --
    --
    --
    57(a)
    42(a)
    1 ↔ 1
    possible ortholog
    5(14709667-14720913)
    AAWZ02039178(2232-9058)
    zebrafish
    (Danio rerio)
    Actinopterygii zgc:566226
    zgc:56622
    41(a)
    possible ortholog
    18(12660381-12669534)
    fruit fly
    (Drosophila melanogaster)
    Insecta CG60846
    CG106386
    (see all 7)
    --
    47(a)
    44(a)
    (see all 7)
    possible ortholog
    possible ortholog
    (see all 7)
    3L(11613635-11617481)
    3L(12491504-12494411)
    thale cress
    (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    eudicotyledons AT2G212506
    AT2G212606
    aldose-6-phosphate reductase (NADPH2)
    38(a)
    37(a)
    many ↔ many
    many ↔ many
    2(9103181-9105187)
    2(9105583-9107380)
    rice
    (Oryza sativa)
    Liliopsida --
    oxidoreductase, aldo/keto reductase family protein...
    31(a)
    1 → many
    2(1227308-1230217)


    ENSEMBL Gene Tree for AKR1E2 (if available)
    TreeFam Gene Tree for AKR1E2 (if available) 

    (Paralogs according to 1HomoloGene,
    2Ensembl, and 3SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to 4Pseudogene.org Build 68)
    About This Section
    Paralogs for AKR1E2 gene
    AKR1C22  AKR1C32  AKR1CL12  AKR1B102  AKR1A12  AKR1C42  AKR1B152  AKR1B12  
    AKR1D12  AKR1C12  
    11 SIMAP similar genes for AKR1E2 using alignment to 6 protein entries:     AKCL2_HUMAN (see all proteins):
    AKR1B1    AKR1B10    AKR1B15    AKR1C3    AKR1CL1    LOC402299
    AKR1C1    AKR1C4    AKR1A1    AKR1C2    AKR1D1

    AKR1E2 for paralogs           About GeneDecksing


    1 Pseudogenes.org Pseudogene for AKR1E2
    PGOHUM00000238337


    (SNPs/Variants according to the 1NCBI SNP Database, 2Ensembl, 3PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
    About This Section

    10/663 NCBI SNPs in AKR1E2 are shown (see all 663    About this table
    Genomic DataTranscription Related DataAllele Frequencies
    SNP IDValidClinical
    significance
    Chr 10 posSequence#AA
    Chg
    TypeMore#Allele
    freq
    PopTotal
    sample
    More
    ----------
    rs109043501,2
    C,F,A,H--4866433(+) TGGTGC/TACCCA 6 -- us2k114Minor allele frequency- T:0.16NS EA NA WA 782
    rs1501179571,2
    --4866444(+) TCACCA/TGAGTA 6 -- us2k10--------
    rs29615611,2
    C,F,A--4866482(+) TTTATG/CTCTCA 6 -- us2k1 tfbs311Minor allele frequency- C:0.22NA WA CSA EA 374
    rs112527651,2
    --4866568(+) TACAAC/TATCAA 6 -- us2k1 tfbs30--------
    rs1140955941,2
    --4866740(+) ATACAC/TAAAGA 6 -- us2k11Minor allele frequency- T:0.01WA 118
    rs765572081,2
    C--4866747(+) AAGAAC/TTCTTA 6 -- us2k13Minor allele frequency- T:0.07WA NA 240
    rs763097561,2
    C,F--4866865(+) CTCAAC/TGTCAT 6 -- us2k11Minor allele frequency- T:0.10EA 120
    rs1177107691,2
    F--4867202(+) CACTGC/TACCCT 6 -- us2k11Minor allele frequency- T:0.03EA 120
    rs1492457081,2
    --4867218(+) AACTTG/TCCCCG 6 -- us2k10--------
    rs29615621,2
    C,F,A--4867313(+) CATTGT/AGGAGA 6 -- us2k113Minor allele frequency- A:0.25NA WA CSA 259

    HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for AKR1E2 (4828820 - 4890254 bp)
    Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
    Database of Genomic Variants (DGV): 1 variation for AKR1E2
         1 Indel: 41565

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    (in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
    About This Section

    AKR1E2 for disorders           About GeneDecksing

    2 diseases for AKR1E2:    About MalaCards
    food allergy    alzheimer's disease

    Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: AKR1E2 (0 documents)

    Export disorders for AKR1E2 gene to outside databases

    (in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via 1Entrez Gene, 2UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 3HGNC, 4GAD, 5PharmGKB, 6HMDB, 7DrugBank, 8UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 9 Novoseek, and/or 10fRNAdb)
    About This Section

    PubMed articles for AKR1E2 gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 12):
    (articles sorted by number of sources associating them with AKR1E2)
        Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
    world of online information

    1. Human testis specific protein: a new member of aldo-keto reductase superfamily. (PubMed id 12604216)1, 2 Nishinaka T.... Yabe-Nishimura C. (2003)
    2. Initial characterization of the human central proteome. (PubMed id 21269460)2 Burkard T.R.... Colinge J. (2011)
    3. Identification of candidate loci at 6p21 and 21q22 in a genome-wide association study of cardiac manifestations of neonatal lupus. (PubMed id 20662065)1 Clancy R.M....Buyon J.P. (2010)
    4. Aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily: genomics and a nnotation. (PubMed id 19706366)1 Mindnich R.D. and Penning T.M. (2009)
    5. hORFeome v3.1: a resource of human open reading frames representing over 10,000 human genes. (PubMed id 17207965)1 Lamesch P.... Vidal M. (2007)
    6. A scan of chromosome 10 identifies a novel locus showing strong association with late-onset Alzheimer disease. (PubMed id 16385451)1 Grupe A....Goate A. (2006)
    7. Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes. (PubMed id 16344560)1 Kimura K.... Sugano S. (2006)
    8. The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PubMed id 15489334)2 Gerhard D.S....Malek J. (2004)
    9. The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 10. (PubMed id 15164054)2 Deloukas P.... Rogers J. (2004)
    10. Characterization of htAKR, a novel gene product in the aldo-keto reductase family specifically expressed in human testis. (PubMed id 15118078)1 Azuma Y....Miki T. (2004)

    (in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
    About This Section
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    (According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
    About This Section
    Entrez Gene: 83592 HGNC: 23437 AceView: AKR1C1andAKR1CL2 Ensembl:ENSG00000165568 euGenes: HUgn83592
    ECgene: AKR1E2 H-InvDB: AKR1E2

    (According to HUGE)
    About This Section
      --

    (According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
    Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
    About This Section
    NameDescription
    PharmGKB entry for AKR1E2 Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways

    (Patent information from GeneIP,
    Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts,
    IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)
    About This Section
    Patent Information for AKR1E2 gene:
    Search GeneIP for patents involving AKR1E2

    GeneCards and IP:
    Japan Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     European Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     Improving the IP Search



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