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Category   Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21
GIFtS

ADAR Gene

protein-coding   GIFtS: 65
GCID: GC01M154554

adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific

(Previous name: interferon-induced protein 4 )
(Previous symbols: IFI4, G1P1)
 Explore 27 diseases affiliated with
ADAR via our new
 Human Malady Compendium 
Biological research products
for ADAR
    

(According to 1HGNC, 2Entrez Gene,
3UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 4UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 5OMIM, 6GeneLoc, 7Ensembl, 8DME, 9miRBase, and/or 10fRNAdb)
About This Section

Aliases
Adenosine Deaminase, RNA-Specific1 2     K88DSRBP2 3
G1P11 2 3 5     DSH2 5
IFI41 2 3 5     AGS62
ADAR11 2 3     P1362
DRADA2 3 5     Adenosine Deaminase Acting On RNA 1-A2
DSRAD2 3 5     Double-Stranded RNA-Specific Adenosine Deaminase2
Interferon-Induced Protein 41 2     DsRNA Adenosine Deaminase2
Interferon-Inducible Protein 42 3     EC 3.5.4.-3
136 KDa Double-Stranded RNA-Binding Protein2 3     P1362
IFI-42 3     EC 3.5.48

External Ids:    HGNC: 2251   Entrez Gene: 1032   Ensembl: ENSG000001607107   OMIM: 1469205   UniProtKB: P552653   

Export aliases for ADAR gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC01M152370 GC01M150285 GC01M151329 GC01M151772 GC01M151773 GC01M151367 GC01M152821 GC01M125917


(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

Entrez Gene summary for ADAR:
This gene encodes the enzyme responsible for RNA editing by site-specific deamination of adenosines. This enzyme
destabilizes double-stranded RNA through conversion of adenosine to inosine. Mutations in this gene have been
associated with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.
(provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: DSRAD_HUMAN, P55265
Function: Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to inosine in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) referred to as
A-to-I RNA editing. This may affect gene expression and function in a number of ways that include mRNA translation by
changing codons and hence the amino acid sequence of proteins; pre-mRNA splicing by altering splice site recognition
sequences; RNA stability by changing sequences involved in nuclease recognition; genetic stability in the case of RNA
virus genomes by changing sequences during viral RNA replication; and RNA structure-dependent activities such as
microRNA production or targeting or protein-RNA interactions. Can edit both viral and cellular RNAs and can edit RNAs
at multiple sites (hyper-editing) or at specific sites (site-specific editing). Its cellular RNA substrates include:
bladder cancer-associated protein (BLCAP), neurotransmitter receptors for glutamate (GRIA2) and serotonin (HTR2C) and
GABA receptor (GABRA3). Site-specific RNA editing of transcripts encoding these proteins results in amino acid
substitutions which consequently alters their functional activities. Exhibits low-level editing at the GRIA2 Q/R site,
but edits efficiently at the R/G site and HOTSPOT1. Its viral RNA substrates include: hepatitis C virus (HCV),
vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), measles virus (MV), hepatitis delta virus (HDV), and human immunodeficiency virus
type 1 (HIV-1). Exhibits either a proviral (HDV, MV, VSV and HIV-1) or an antiviral effect (HCV) and this can be
editing-dependent (HDV and HCV), editing-independent (VSV and MV) or both (HIV-1). Impairs HCV replication via RNA
editing at multiple sites. Enhances the replication of MV, VSV and HIV-1 through an editing-independent mechanism via
suppression of EIF2AK2/PKR activation and function. Stimulates both the release and infectivity of HIV-1 viral
particles by an editing-dependent mechanism where it associates with viral RNAs and edits adenosines in the 5'UTR and
the Rev and Tat coding sequence. Can enhance viral replication of HDV via A-to-I editing at a site designated as
amber/W, thereby changing an UAG amber stop codon to an UIG tryptophan (W) codon that permits synthesis of the large
delta antigen (L-HDAg) which has a key role in the assembly of viral particles. However, high levels of ADAR1 inhibit
HDV replication

Gene Wiki entry for ADAR


(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section
RefSeq DNA sequence:
NC_000001.10  NC_018912.1  NT_004487.19  
Regulatory elements:
   SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the ADAR gene promoter:
         STAT1   STAT1beta   CUTL1   STAT1alpha   
         Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmids (see all 2): ADAR promoter sequence
   Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for ADAR

Epigenetics:
QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat ADAR


Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 1q21.3   Ensembl cytogenetic band:  1q21.3   HGNC cytogenetic band: 1q21.3

ADAR Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
ADAR gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 1         GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC01M154554:  view genomic region     (about GC identifiers)

Start:
154,554,533 bp from pter      End:
154,600,475 bp from pter
Size:
45,943 bases      Orientation:
minus strand

(According to 1UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to 2PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: DSRAD_HUMAN, P55265 (See protein sequence)
Recommended Name: Double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase  
Size: 1226 amino acids; 136066 Da
Subunit: Homodimer. Homodimerization is essential for its catalytic activity. Isoform 5 can form heterodimers with
ADARB1/ADAR2. Isoform 1 interacts with ILF2/NF45 and ILF3/NF90. Binding to ILF3/NF90 up-regulates ILF3-mediated gene
expression. Isoform 5 (via DRBM 3 domain) interacts with TNPO1. Isoform 5 (via DRBM domains) interacts with XPO5.
Isoform 1 and isoform 5 can interact with EIF2AK2/PKR and UPF1
Subcellular location: Isoform 1: Cytoplasm. Nucleus. Note=Shuttles between the cytoplasm and nucleus
Subcellular location: Isoform 5: Cytoplasm. Nucleus. Nucleus, nucleolus. Note=Predominantly nuclear but can shuttle
between nucleus and cytoplasm. TNPO1 can mediate its nuclear import whereas XPO1 can mediate its nuclear export
Caution: The N-terminus of isoform 4 has been derived from EST and genomic sequences
Sequence caution: Sequence=CAE45853.1; Type=Erroneous termination; Positions=1227; Note=Translated as stop;
6/11 PDB 3D structures from and Proteopedia for ADAR (see all 11):
1QBJ (3D)        1QGP (3D)        1XMK (3D)        2ACJ (3D)        2GXB (3D)        2L54 (3D)    
Secondary accessions: B1AQQ9 B1AQR0 D3DV76 O15223 O43859 O43860 Q9BYM3 Q9BYM4
Alternative promoter usage, Alternative splicing: 5 isoforms:  P55265-1   P55265-2   P55265-3   P55265-4   P55265-5   (Produced by alternative promoter usage)

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for ADAR: NX_P55265

Post-translational modifications:

  • Sumoylation reduces RNA-editing activity1
  • View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus2
  • View neXtProt modification sites for NX_P55265

  • 4 DME Specific Peptides for ADAR (P55265)
     GEGTIPV  QSGPPHEP  SLGTGNRC  WNVLGLQGALL 

    ADAR Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb:    About this image 
    ADAR Protein Expression
    REFSEQ proteins (5 alternative transcripts): 
    NP_001020278.1  NP_001102.2  NP_001180424.1  NP_056655.2  NP_056656.2  

    ENSEMBL proteins: 
     ENSP00000357459   ENSP00000357456   ENSP00000431794   ENSP00000292205  
    Reactome Protein details: P55265
    Human Recombinant Protein Products for ADAR: 
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    OriGene Purified Protein: ADAR
    OriGene Protein Over-expression Lysate (see all 4): ADAR
    OriGene Custom Protein Services for ADAR 
    GenScript Custom Purified and Recombinant Proteins Services for ADAR
    Novus Biologicals ADAR Protein
    Novus Biologicals ADAR Lysate
    Browse Sino Biological Recombinant Proteins
    Browse ProSpec Recombinant Proteins
    Uscn Proteins for ADAR

    Gene Ontology (GO): 5/6 cellular component terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 6):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0005622intracellular ----
    GO:0005634nucleus TAS7565688
    GO:0005654nucleoplasm TAS--
    GO:0005730nucleolus IEA--
    GO:0005737cytoplasm TAS7565688

    ADAR for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    ADAR Antibody Products: 
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    Cell Signaling Technology (CST) Antibodies for ADAR 
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    Abcam antibodies for ADAR 
    Uscn Antibodies for ADAR
    ThermoFisher Antibody for ADAR

    Assay Products for ADAR: 
    Browse Kits and Assays available from EMD Millipore
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    Browse R&D Systems for biochemical assays
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    Browse Enzo Life Sciences for kits & assays
    Uscn ELISAs and CLIAs for ADAR


    (According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
    About This Section

    ADAR for domains           About GeneDecksing

    5 InterPro domains/families:
     IPR011991 WHTH_trsnscrt_rep_DNA-bd_dom
     IPR002466 A_deamin
     IPR001159 Ds-RNA-bd
     IPR000607 dsRNA_A_deaminase
     IPR014720 dsRNA-bd-like_dom

    Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry P55265

    ProtoNet protein and cluster: P55265

    3 Blocks protein families:
    IPB000607 Double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase (DRADA)
    IPB001159 Double-stranded RNA binding (DsRBD) domain
    IPB002466 Adenosine deaminase/editase


    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: DSRAD_HUMAN, P55265
    Similarity: Contains 1 A to I editase domain
    Similarity: Contains 2 DRADA repeats
    Similarity: Contains 3 DRBM (double-stranded RNA-binding) domains


    (According to 1UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or 2DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013, inGenious Targeting Laboratory,
    bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase, shRNA from OriGene, Sirion Biotech, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Sirion Biotech, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, Sirion Biotech, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
    About This Section

    Molecular Function:

         UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary: DSRAD_HUMAN, P55265
    Function: Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to inosine in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) referred to as
    A-to-I RNA editing. This may affect gene expression and function in a number of ways that include mRNA translation by
    changing codons and hence the amino acid sequence of proteins; pre-mRNA splicing by altering splice site recognition
    sequences; RNA stability by changing sequences involved in nuclease recognition; genetic stability in the case of RNA
    virus genomes by changing sequences during viral RNA replication; and RNA structure-dependent activities such as
    microRNA production or targeting or protein-RNA interactions. Can edit both viral and cellular RNAs and can edit RNAs
    at multiple sites (hyper-editing) or at specific sites (site-specific editing). Its cellular RNA substrates include:
    bladder cancer-associated protein (BLCAP), neurotransmitter receptors for glutamate (GRIA2) and serotonin (HTR2C) and
    GABA receptor (GABRA3). Site-specific RNA editing of transcripts encoding these proteins results in amino acid
    substitutions which consequently alters their functional activities. Exhibits low-level editing at the GRIA2 Q/R site,
    but edits efficiently at the R/G site and HOTSPOT1. Its viral RNA substrates include: hepatitis C virus (HCV),
    vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), measles virus (MV), hepatitis delta virus (HDV), and human immunodeficiency virus
    type 1 (HIV-1). Exhibits either a proviral (HDV, MV, VSV and HIV-1) or an antiviral effect (HCV) and this can be
    editing-dependent (HDV and HCV), editing-independent (VSV and MV) or both (HIV-1). Impairs HCV replication via RNA
    editing at multiple sites. Enhances the replication of MV, VSV and HIV-1 through an editing-independent mechanism via
    suppression of EIF2AK2/PKR activation and function. Stimulates both the release and infectivity of HIV-1 viral
    particles by an editing-dependent mechanism where it associates with viral RNAs and edits adenosines in the 5'UTR and
    the Rev and Tat coding sequence. Can enhance viral replication of HDV via A-to-I editing at a site designated as
    amber/W, thereby changing an UAG amber stop codon to an UIG tryptophan (W) codon that permits synthesis of the large
    delta antigen (L-HDAg) which has a key role in the assembly of viral particles. However, high levels of ADAR1 inhibit
    HDV replication
    Induction: Isoform 1 is induced by interferon alpha. Isoform 5 is constitutively expressed

         Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB): EC 3.5.42 EC 3.5.4.-1

         Gene Ontology (GO): 5 molecular function terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0003677DNA binding IEA--
    GO:0003725double-stranded RNA binding IEA--
    GO:0003726double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase activity NAS7565688
    GO:0005515protein binding IPI19124606
    GO:0046872metal ion binding IEA--
         
    ADAR for ontologies           About GeneDecksing


    Phenotypes:
         9 MGI mutant phenotypes (inferred from 8 alleles(MGI details for Adar):
     cardiovascular system  cellular  embryogenesis  growth/size  hematopoietic system 
     homeostasis/metabolism  immune system  liver/biliary system  mortality/aging 

    ADAR for phenotypes           About GeneDecksing

    Animal Models:
         Mouse knock-outs for ADAR: Adartm2Knk Adartm1Phs Adartm2Phs Adartm1.1Knk
       inGenious Targeting Laboratory - Customizable classic, inducible, and humanized mouse model solutions for ADAR 

    miRNA
    Products:
        
    miRTarBase miRNAs that target ADAR:
    hsa-mir-1 (MIRT002820)

    OriGene 3'-UTR Clone (see all 4): ADAR
    Browse MicroRNA Expression Plasmids
    QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat ADAR
    8/37 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate ADAR (see all 37):
    hsa-miR-106a hsa-miR-519a hsa-miR-1184 hsa-miR-93 hsa-miR-155* hsa-miR-4309 hsa-miR-526b* hsa-miR-509-3-5p
    SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmidADAR 3' UTR sequence
    Inhib. RNA
    Products:
        
    Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
    OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for ADAR (see all 7)
    OriGene shRNA RFP: ADAR
    OriGene siRNA: ADAR
    QIAGEN FlexiTube/FlexiPlate siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat ADAR
    Sirion Biotech Custom design and validation of potent shRNA sequences against ADAR 

    Gene Editing
    Products:
    DNA2.0 Custom Protein Engineering Service for ADAR
    Sirion Biotech Customized adenovirus for overexpression of ADAR 
    Sirion Biotech Customized adenovirus for potent knockdown of ADAR

    Clone
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    Browse Clones for the Expression of Recombinant Proteins Available from EMD Millipore
    OriGene Myc/DDK tagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for ADAR (see all 8)
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    OriGene custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling 
    GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector (see all 5): ADAR (NM_001111)
    Browse Sino Biological Human cDNA Clones
    DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene Synthesis Service for ADAR
    Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat ADAR 

    Cell Line
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    GenScript Custom overexpressing Cell Line Services for ADAR
    Search LifeMap BioReagents cell lines for ADAR
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    Sirion Biotech Customized inducible knockdown cell line services for ADAR
    Sirion Biotech Customized stable overexpressing cell line services for ADAR
    Sirion Biotech Customized inducible overexpressing cell line services for ADAR

    In Situ Assay
    Products:
       

     
    Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for ADAR


    (Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to 1UniProtKB, 2MINT, 3I2D, and/or 4STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
    About This Section

    Unified GeneCards pathways - 5/10 super-pathways (see all 10About this table 
    See pathways by source

    Super-pathwaycontained gene-specific pathways
    1Formation of editosomes by ADAR proteins
    Formation of editosomes by ADAR proteins1.00
    C6 deamination of adenosine1.00
    mRNA Editing: A to I Conversion1.00
    mRNA Editing0.50
    2Cytokine Signaling in Immune system
    Cytokine Signaling in Immune system1.00
    Interferon Signaling0.61
    3Expression of IFN-induced genes
    Expression of IFN-induced genes1.00
    Interferon alpha/beta signaling0.61
    4ATP/ITP metabolism
    ATP/ITP metabolism1.00
    ATP/ITP metabolism0.98
    5Measles
    Measles1.00
    Influenza A0.35

    Pathway sources
    See GeneCards unified pathways
    Show all pathways

    1 EMD Millipore Pathway for ADAR
        ATP/ITP metabolism


    1 Cell Signaling Technology (CST) Pathway for ADAR
        Translational Control

    1 GeneGo (Thomson Reuters) Pathway for ADAR
        ATP/ITP metabolism

    5/11        Reactome Pathways for ADAR (see all 11)
        Interferon alpha/beta signaling
    Cytokine Signaling in Immune system
    Expression of IFN-induced genes
    mRNA Editing: A to I Conversion
    Interferon Signaling


    3         Kegg Pathways  (Kegg details for ADAR):
        Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway
    Measles
    Influenza A


    ADAR for pathways           About GeneDecksing

    Interactions:

        SABiosciences Gene Network CentralTM Interacting Genes and Proteins Network for ADAR

    STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 25)

    5/60 Interacting proteins for ADAR (P552653 ENSP000003574594) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 60)
    InteractantInteraction Details
    GeneCardExternal ID(s)
    HDLBPQ003413, ENSP000003120424I2D: score=3 STRING: ENSP00000312042
    SUMO1P631653, ENSP000003760764I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000376076
    HDAC5Q9UQL63, ENSP000002259834I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000225983
    XPO1O149803I2D: score=3 
    C12orf44Q9BSB43I2D: score=1 
    About this table

    Gene Ontology (GO): 5/18 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 18):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0006382adenosine to inosine editing TAS--
    GO:0006396RNA processing ----
    GO:0006397mRNA processing IEA--
    GO:0006606protein import into nucleus IDA19124606
    GO:0006611protein export from nucleus IDA19124606

    ADAR for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    (Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
    About This Section

    ADAR for compounds           About GeneDecksing

    Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore
    Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

    Browse Tocris compounds for ADAR
    10/11 Novoseek chemical compound relationships for ADAR gene (see all 11)    About this table
    Compound   -log (P-Val)   Hits   PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
    inosine 90.1 31 8643357 (1), 9020165 (1), 9614652 (1), 10200312 (1) (see all 25)
    red 2 86.3 1 10581403 (1)
    guanosine 51.8 1 7543593 (1)
    glutamate 50 20 14559151 (2), 8647818 (2), 8595560 (2), 10581403 (1) (see all 15)
    cytidine 47.6 4 7972084 (1), 8722180 (1), 10376681 (1), 7615504 (1)
    2',5'-oligoadenylate 37.7 1 11585785 (1)
    deoxyribose 31.2 1 11752786 (1)
    arginine 18 11 9202292 (2), 16120648 (1), 8598204 (1), 15659327 (1)
    glutamine 10.6 3 9202292 (1), 8598204 (1), 8995285 (1)
    glycerol 4.85 1 9222368 (1)

    Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about ADAR / DSRAD 

    (Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
    GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
    Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
    RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
    DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
    exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
    RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
    siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, Sirion Biotech, microRNA from QIAGEN,
    Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
    About This Section

    REFSEQ mRNAs for ADAR gene (5 alternative transcripts): 
    NM_001025107.2  NM_001111.4  NM_001193495.1  NM_015840.3  NM_015841.3  

    Unigene Cluster for ADAR:

    Adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific
    Hs.12341  [show with all ESTs]
    Unigene Representative Sequence: NM_001193495
    11 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant:
    ENST00000368474(uc001ffh.3 uc001ffj.3 uc001ffi.3 uc001ffn.2)
    ENST00000368471(uc001ffl.1) ENST00000492630 ENST00000529168 ENST00000530954
    ENST00000534279 ENST00000463920 ENST00000494866(uc001ffm.1) ENST00000471068
    ENST00000526905 ENST00000292205(uc021pag.1 uc001ffk.3)

    miRNA
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    OriGene 3'-UTR Clone (see all 4): ADAR
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    QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat ADAR
    8/37 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate ADAR (see all 37):
    hsa-miR-106a hsa-miR-519a hsa-miR-1184 hsa-miR-93 hsa-miR-155* hsa-miR-4309 hsa-miR-526b* hsa-miR-509-3-5p
    SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmidADAR 3' UTR sequence
    Inhib. RNA
    Products:
         
    Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
    OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for ADAR (see all 7)
    OriGene shRNA RFP: ADAR
    OriGene siRNA: ADAR
    QIAGEN FlexiTube/FlexiPlate siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat ADAR
    Sirion Biotech Custom design and validation of potent shRNA sequences against ADAR 
    Clone
    Products:
         
    OriGene Myc/DDK tagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for ADAR (see all 8)
    OriGene untagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for ADAR (see all 5)
    OriGene custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling 
    GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector (see all 5): ADAR (NM_001111)
    DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene Synthesis Service for ADAR
    Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat ADAR 
    Primer
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    OriGene genome-wide validated SYBR primer pairs in human, mouse, rat for ADAR
    Browse OriGene validated miRNA SYBR primer pairs
    SABiosciences RT2 qPCR Primer Assay in human, mouse, rat ADAR
      QIAGEN QuantiTect SYBR Green Assays in human, mouse, rat ADAR
      QIAGEN QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat ADAR

    Additional cDNA sequence: 

    AB209891.1 AK304153.1 BC017853.1 BC038227.1 BX538232.1 BX640741.1 EF190448.1 EF190449.1 
    EF190450.1 EF190451.1 EF190452.1 EF190453.1 U10439.1 U18121.1 X79448.1 X79449.1 
    X98559.1 X98563.1 

    24/33 DOTS entries (see all 33):

    DT.449598  DT.100658403  DT.91846984  DT.100658458  DT.95272413  DT.100658457  DT.95091272  DT.95134022 
    DT.95340523  DT.100658453  DT.100658460  DT.100853482  DT.121357319  DT.91878250  DT.121357314  DT.85104621 
    DT.121357358  DT.87077558  DT.91792987  DT.91793012  DT.100658459  DT.121357295  DT.121357330  DT.40235011 

    24/776 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 776):

    AW002028 AW172943 CD108625 BM463463 AA621803 CA443519 AI984545 AV729485 
    AL039220 F03505 AI707980 CB134579 CA426250 AI473455 AA644678 AA130768 
    AI758596 T31860 BM874343 BU539016 AU140570 BQ671375 BQ224382 CB144936 

    GeneLoc Exon Structure

    5/13 Alternative Splicing Database (ASD) splice patterns (SP) for ADAR (see all 13)    About this scheme

    ExUns: 1a · 1b ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 4 ^ 5 ^ 6 ^ 7 ^ 8a · 8b · 8c · 8d · 8e · 8f ^ 9 ^ 10 ^ 11 ^ 12 ^ 13a · 13b ^ 14 ^ 15 ^ 16 ^ 17 ^ 18a · 18b ·
    SP1:                                      -                                                                                                           -         
    SP2:                                                                                                                                                  -         
    SP3:                    -     -     -     -                                                                                                           -         
    SP4:                                                                                                                                                  -         
    SP5:                                                                                                                          -                                 

    ExUns: 18c ^ 19a · 19b ^ 20a · 20b · 20c ^ 21a · 21b ^ 22a · 22b ^ 23
    SP1:                                -     -                           
    SP2:                                -     -                           
    SP3:                                -     -                           
    SP4:  -     -                                                         
    SP5:                                                                  


    ECgene alternative splicing isoforms for ADAR

    (RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
    PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
    About This Section

    ADAR expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
    See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
    About this imageBioGPS
    CGAP TAG: CCCCTCTGAG
    ADAR Expression
    About this image
    See ADAR Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
    Genevestigator expression for ADAR

    SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.12341

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: DSRAD_HUMAN, P55265
    Tissue specificity: Ubiquitously expressed, highest levels were found in brain and lung. Isoform 5 is expressed at
    higher levels in astrocytomas as compared to normal brain tissue and expression increases strikingly with the severity
    of the tumor, being higher in the most aggressive tumors

        SABiosciences Expression via Pathway-Focused PCR Arrays including ADAR: 
              Interferons & Receptors in human mouse rat
              Type I Interferon Response in human mouse rat
              PI3K-AKT Signaling Pathway in human mouse rat
              Stem Cells in human mouse rat

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    (Orthologs according to 1,2HomoloGene (2older version, for species not in 1newer version), 3euGenes, 4SGD , 5MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or 6Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
    About This Section

    This gene was present in the common ancestor of eukaryotes.

    Orthologs for ADAR gene from 7/17 species (see all 17)    About this table
    Organism Taxonomic
    classification
    Gene Description Human
    Similarity
    Orthology
    Type
    Details
    chicken
    (Gallus gallus)
    Aves ADAR1 adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific 64.38(n)
    61.86(a)
      769675  XM_001232161.1  XP_001232162.1 
    lizard
    (Anolis carolinensis)
    Reptilia ADAR6
    --
    --
    49(a)
    22(a)
    possible ortholog
    1 ↔ 1
    AAWZ02039319(963-8808)
    GL344076.1(49533-68790)
    African clawed frog
    (Xenopus laevis)
    Amphibia adar-A-prov2 dsRNA adenosine deaminase 76.18(n)    U88066.1 
    zebrafish
    (Danio rerio)
    Actinopterygii adar2 adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific 75.34(n)   58119  AF124332.1 
    worm
    (Caenorhabditis elegans)
    Secernentea adr-13 Expression: nervous system, vulva,
    gastrulating more
    34(a)   III(7302919-7304628)   --
    thale cress
    (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    eudicotyledons AT1G017606
    Adenosine-deaminase (editase) domain-containing pr...
    24(a)
    1 → many
    1(276266-278448)
    rice
    (Oryza sativa)
    Liliopsida --
    tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase 1, putative, exp...
    20(a)
    1 → many
    4(34707824-34713684)


    ENSEMBL Gene Tree for ADAR (if available)
    TreeFam Gene Tree for ADAR (if available) 

    (Paralogs according to 1HomoloGene,
    2Ensembl, and 3SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to 4Pseudogene.org Build 68)
    About This Section
    Paralogs for ADAR gene
    ADARB22  ADAT12  ADARB12  ADAD22  ADAD12  
    6 SIMAP similar genes for ADAR using alignment to 6 protein entries:     DSRAD_HUMAN (see all proteins):
    EIF2AK2    TARBP2    ADARB2    RED1    ADAR2d    ADARB1

    ADAR for paralogs           About GeneDecksing



    (SNPs/Variants according to the 1NCBI SNP Database, 2Ensembl, 3PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
    About This Section

    10/874 NCBI SNPs in ADAR are shown (see all 874    About this table
    Genomic DataTranscription Related DataAllele Frequencies
    SNP IDValidClinical
    significance
    Chr 1 posSequence#AA
    Chg
    TypeMore#Allele
    freq
    PopTotal
    sample
    More
    ----------
    rs1139379281,2
    C--125918309(+) TAGGGA/G/TGGGTC 10 -- ut311CSA 1
    rs1137340831,2
    C--125918540(+) TCTTGA/C/GGGGTG 10 -- ut311CSA 1
    rs341676041,2
    C,F--125919798(-) ATCATC/ATCTGC 5 -- ut317Minor allele frequency- A:0.06MN WA 524
    rs340102811,2
    F--125919902(-) CAAGCT/CTCCAG 5 -- ut315Minor allele frequency- C:0.01MN 404
    rs1123309821,2
    --125920082(+) TGCCCA/GCCCTG 5 -- ut312Minor allele frequency- G:0.00CSA 2
    rs1146351551,2
    C,F--125920179(+) TTCAAC/TTCCTA 5 -- ut311Minor allele frequency- T:0.03WA 118
    rs2015679191,2
    C--125920223(+) CACCTC/TTNNNN 5 -- ut310--------
    rs21727081,2
    C,F,A,H--125923254(-) aagtgC/Ttgata 5 -- int15Minor allele frequency- T:0.12NS EA WA 536
    rs66779201,2
    C,F,A,H--125923301(+) ggataT/Catttg 5 -- int116Minor allele frequency- C:0.15NS EA NA WA 1738
    rs178438691,2
    C--125924051(-) AGTGAT/CACATG 5 -- int11Minor allele frequency- C:0.02EA 66

    HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for ADAR (154554533 - 154600475 bp)
    Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
    Database of Genomic Variants (DGV): 3 variations for ADAR
         1 CNV: 6788
         2 Indels: 10999 10998
    Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): ADAR

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    (in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Novoseek, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
    About This Section

    ADAR for disorders           About GeneDecksing

    OMIM gene information: 146920   
    OMIM disorders: 127400  
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: DSRAD_HUMAN, P55265
  • Defects in ADAR are a cause of dyschromatosis symmetrical hereditaria (DSH) [MIM:127400]; also known as
  • reticulate acropigmentation of Dohi. DSH is a pigmentary genodermatosis of autosomal dominant inheritance
    characterized by a mixture of hyperpigmented and hypopigmented macules distributed on the dorsal parts of the hands
    and feet

    20/27 diseases for ADAR (see all 27):    About MalaCards
    dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria    dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria    dengue hemorrhagic fever    hemorrhagic fever
    steatitis    lymphocytic choriomeningitis    lupus erythematosus    systemic lupus erythematosus
    skin disease    gastroenteritis    teratocarcinoma    hyperaldosteronism
    down syndrome    hepatitis c    stomatitis    hepatitis b
    measles    acute leukemia    hepatitis    influenza

    2 diseases from the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database for ADAR:
    Steatitis     Early onset absence epilepsy

    9 Novoseek disease relationships for ADAR gene    About this table

    Disease   -log (P-Val)   Hits   PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
    dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria 97.7 32 16536805 (2), 15146470 (2), 17225010 (2), 15347341 (1) (see all 23)
    hepatitis delta 52.9 2 9111310 (1), 11907222 (1)
    teratocarcinoma 32.5 2 9202292 (1), 14559151 (1)
    skin diseases 31.9 2 16536805 (1)
    virus infection 12.4 7 17079286 (3), 19710021 (1), 19605474 (1)
    lupus erythematosus systemic 6.91 1 17376196 (1)
    inflammation 4.97 3 12954622 (2), 17224799 (1)
    genetic disorder 0 1 7490742 (1)
    epilepsy 0 2 9694203 (1)

    Genetic Association Database (GAD): ADAR
    Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: ADAR (10 documents)

    Export disorders for ADAR gene to outside databases

    (in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via 1Entrez Gene, 2UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 3HGNC, 4GAD, 5PharmGKB, 6HMDB, 7DrugBank, 8UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 9 Novoseek, and/or 10fRNAdb)
    About This Section

    PubMed articles for ADAR gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 247):
    (articles sorted by number of sources associating them with ADAR)
        Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
    world of online information

    1. Molecular cloning of cDNA for double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase, a candidate enzyme for nuclear RNA editing. (PubMed id 7972084)1, 2, 3, 9 Kim U.... Nishikura K. (1994)
    2. ADAR1 interacts with NF90 through double-stranded RNA and regulates NF90-mediated gene expression independently of RNA editing. (PubMed id 16055709)1, 2, 9 Nie Y.... Yang J.-H. (2005)
    3. A new arginine substitution mutation of DSRAD gene in a Chinese family with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria. (PubMed id 15659327)1, 2, 9 Li C.-R.... Zhu W.-Y. (2005)
    4. Editing of HIV-1 RNA by the double-stranded RNA deami nase ADAR1 stimulates viral infection. (PubMed id 19651874)1, 2, 9 Doria M....Michienzi A. (2009)
    5. Double-stranded RNA deaminase ADAR1 increases host susceptibility to virus infection. (PubMed id 17079286)1, 2, 9 Nie Y....Yang J.H. (2007)
    6. Dynamic association of RNA-editing enzymes with the nucleolus. (PubMed id 12665561)1, 2, 9 Desterro J.M.P....Carmo-Fonseca M. (2003)
    7. SUMO-1 modification alters ADAR1 editing activity. (PubMed id 16120648)1, 2, 9 Desterro J.M.P....Carmo-Fonseca M. (2005)
    8. Human RNA-specific adenosine deaminase ADAR1 transcripts possess alternative exon 1 structures that initiate from different promoters, one constitutively active and the other interferon inducible. (PubMed id 10200312)1, 2, 9 George C.X. and Samuel C.E. (1999)
    9. RNA-specific adenosine deaminase ADAR1 suppresses mea sles virus-induced apoptosis and activation of protein kinase PKR. (PubMed id 19710021)1, 2, 9 Toth A.M....Samuel C.E. (2009)
    10. Seven novel mutations of the ADAR gene in Chinese families and sporadic patients with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria (DSH). (PubMed id 15146470)1, 2, 9 Zhang X.-J.... Huang W. (2004)

    (in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
    About This Section
     ANDOR
    Aliases
    Disorders
    Free Text  

      Query String
    PubMed
    OMIM
    NCBI Bookshelf
      (Note: In FireFox, select the above section and copy using Ctrl-C)

    (According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
    About This Section
    Entrez Gene: 103 HGNC: 225 AceView: ADAR Ensembl:ENSG00000160710 euGenes: HUgn103
    ECgene: ADAR Kegg: 103 H-InvDB: ADAR

    (According to HUGE)
    About This Section
      --

    (According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
    Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
    About This Section
    NameDescription
    PharmGKB entry for ADAR Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways

    (Patent information from GeneIP,
    Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts,
    IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)
    About This Section
    Patent Information for ADAR gene:
    Search GeneIP for patents involving ADAR

    GeneCards and IP:
    Japan Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     European Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     Improving the IP Search



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    About This Section

     
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