Aliases for ACAT1 Gene
Aliases for ACAT1 Gene
External Ids for ACAT1 Gene
- HGNC: 93
- Entrez Gene: 38
- Ensembl: ENSG00000075239
- OMIM: 607809
- UniProtKB: P24752
Previous HGNC Symbols for ACAT1 Gene
- ACAT
Previous GeneCards Identifiers for ACAT1 Gene
- GC11P110186
- GC11P109348
- GC11P108026
- GC11P107529
- GC11P107499
- GC11P103917
- GC11P107992
Summaries for ACAT1 Gene
-
This gene encodes a mitochondrially localized enzyme that catalyzes the reversible formation of acetoacetyl-CoA from two molecules of acetyl-CoA. Defects in this gene are associated with 3-ketothiolase deficiency, an inborn error of isoleucine catabolism characterized by urinary excretion of 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric acid, 2-methylacetoacetic acid, tiglylglycine, and butanone. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2009]
GeneCards Summary for ACAT1 Gene
ACAT1 (Acetyl-CoA Acetyltransferase 1) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with ACAT1 include Alpha-Methylacetoacetic Aciduria and Ketothiolase Deficiency. Among its related pathways are Ketone body metabolism and Lysine degradation. GO annotations related to this gene include protein homodimerization activity and transferase activity, transferring acyl groups other than amino-acyl groups. An important paralog of this gene is ACAT2.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for ACAT1 Gene
-
Plays a major role in ketone body metabolism.
No data available for CIViC summary , Tocris Summary , PharmGKB "VIP" Summary , fRNAdb sequence ontologies and piRNA Summary for ACAT1 Gene
Genomics for ACAT1 Gene
Regulatory Elements for ACAT1 Gene
Enhancers for ACAT1 Gene
- Elite enhancer and/or Elite enhancer-gene association
Download GeneHancer data dump
Enhancers around ACAT1 on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
Regulatory Element Products
Genomic Location for ACAT1 Gene
- Chromosome:
- 11
- Start:
- 108,121,516 bp from pter
- End:
- 108,148,168 bp from pter
- Size:
- 26,653 bases
- Orientation:
- Plus strand
Genomic View for ACAT1 Gene
Genes around ACAT1 on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
- Cytogenetic band:
-
- 11q22.3 by Ensembl
- 11q22.3 by Entrez Gene
- 11q22.3 by HGNC
ACAT1 Gene in genomic location: bands according to
Ensembl, locations according to GeneLoc
(and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
Genomic Neighborhood
• Exon Structure
• Gene Density
RefSeq DNA sequence for ACAT1 Gene
Proteins for ACAT1 Gene
-
Protein details for ACAT1 Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
- Protein Symbol:
- P24752-THIL_HUMAN
- Recommended name:
- Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial
- Protein Accession:
- P24752
- B2R6H1
- G3XAB4
- Q96FG8
Protein attributes for ACAT1 Gene
- Size:
- 427 amino acids
- Molecular mass:
- 45200 Da
- Quaternary structure:
-
- Homotetramer.
Three dimensional structures from OCA and Proteopedia for ACAT1 Gene
Protein Expression for ACAT1 Gene
Selected DME Specific Peptides for ACAT1 Gene
- P24752:
-
- TKLGSIA
- STLNDGAAALVLMTA
- EDEEYKRVDFSK
- RTPIGSF
- AGGMESMS
- RLNVTPLA
- IVKDGLTDVYNK
- GGAVSLGHP
- VDFSKVPKLK
- KKEDIAMWE
- CNGGGGAS
- GTVTAAN
- NKVCASGMK
- GEGQAPTRQA
Post-translational modifications for ACAT1 Gene
- Succinylation at Lys-268, adjacent to a coenzyme A binding site. Desuccinylated by SIRT5 (By similarity).
- Modification sites at PhosphoSitePlus
- Modification sites at neXtProt
Other Protein References for ACAT1 Gene
- ENSEMBL proteins:
- REFSEQ proteins:
Antibody Products
-
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- antibodies-online Antibodies for ACAT1: See all 3
- GeneTex ACAT1 antibody for ACAT1
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for ACAT1
Protein Products
-
OriGene Purified Proteins for ACAT1
- Search Origene for MassSpec and Protein Over-expression Lysates for ACAT1
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- Novus Biologicals proteins for ACAT1
- ProSpec Recombinant Proteins for ACAT1
-
Cloud-Clone Corp. Proteins for ACAT1
- antibodies-online Proteins for ACAT1: See all 12
- Search antibodies-online for peptides
- Search GeneTex for Proteins for ACAT1
Assay Products
- antibodies-online Kits for ACAT1: See all 7
Domains & Families for ACAT1 Gene
Protein Domains for ACAT1 Gene
- InterPro:
- Blocks:
- ProtoNet:
Suggested Antigen Peptide Sequences for ACAT1 Gene
- GenScript: Design optimal peptide antigens:
Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry
P24752- Family:
-
- Belongs to the thiolase family.
No data available for Gene Families for ACAT1 Gene
Function for ACAT1 Gene
Molecular function for ACAT1 Gene
- GENATLAS Biochemistry:
- acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase 1,branched chain,mitochondrial,isoleucine catabolism,fatty acid beta-oxidation
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot BiophysicochemicalProperties:
- Kinetic parameters: KM=4 uM for acetoacetyl coenzyme A {ECO:0000269 PubMed:17371050}; KM=20 uM for coenzyme A {ECO:0000269 PubMed:17371050}; KM=8 uM for 2-methylacetoacetyl coenzyme A {ECO:0000269 PubMed:17371050}; KM=508 uM for acetyl coenzyme A {ECO:0000269 PubMed:17371050};
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot CatalyticActivity:
- 2 acetyl-CoA = CoA + acetoacetyl-CoA.
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot EnzymeRegulation:
- Activated by potassium ions, but not sodium ions.
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
- Plays a major role in ketone body metabolism.
Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB) for ACAT1 Gene
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0003824 | catalytic activity | IEA | -- |
| GO:0003985 | acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase activity | TAS,IMP | 1979337 |
| GO:0016740 | transferase activity | IEA | -- |
| GO:0016746 | transferase activity, transferring acyl groups | IEA | -- |
| GO:0016747 | transferase activity, transferring acyl groups other than amino-acyl groups | IEA | -- |
Phenotypes for ACAT1 Gene
Animal Model Products
- Taconic Biosciences: Generate A Custom CRISPR Mouse Model For Your Study
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-
-
ViGene Biosciences lentiviral particle packaged cDNA for ACAT1 gene
-
ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for ACAT1 gene
- Search ViGene Biosciences for ACAT1
CRISPR Products
-
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-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for ACAT1
- GenScript: Design CRISPR guide RNA sequences for ACAT1
miRNA for ACAT1 Gene
- miRTarBase miRNAs that target ACAT1
miRNA Products
- Search ViGene Biosciences for ACAT1
Inhibitory RNA Products
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-
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-
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- Addgene plasmids for ACAT1
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- VectorBuilder custom lentivirus, adenovirus, AAV vector/virus packaging for ACAT1
-
VectorBuilder Other custom vectors
- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
Cell Line Products
-
Horizon Cell Lines for ACAT1
-
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-
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-
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Flow Cytometry Products
No data available for Animal Models , Transcription Factor Targets and HOMER Transcription for ACAT1 Gene
Localization for ACAT1 Gene
Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for ACAT1 Gene
- Mitochondrion.
| Compartment | Confidence |
|---|---|
| extracellular | 5 |
| mitochondrion | 5 |
| cytosol | 3 |
| peroxisome | 2 |
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0005739 | mitochondrion | IDA | -- |
| GO:0005743 | mitochondrial inner membrane | IEA | -- |
| GO:0005759 | mitochondrial matrix | TAS | -- |
| GO:0070062 | extracellular exosome | IDA | 19056867 |
Pathways & Interactions for ACAT1 Gene
| SuperPathway | Contained pathways | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ketone body metabolism |
.01
|
.01
|
| 2 | Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis | ||
| 3 | Metabolism |
.37
|
|
| 4 | superpathway of tryptophan utilization | ||
| 5 | Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation | ||
Pathways by source for ACAT1 Gene
10 BioSystems pathways for ACAT1 Gene
13 KEGG pathways for ACAT1 Gene
1 GeneGo (Thomson Reuters) pathway for ACAT1 Gene
Interacting Proteins for ACAT1 Gene
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0001889 | liver development | IEA | -- |
| GO:0006085 | acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process | IDA | 17371050 |
| GO:0006550 | isoleucine catabolic process | TAS | 17371050 |
| GO:0006635 | fatty acid beta-oxidation | IBA | -- |
| GO:0007420 | brain development | IEA | -- |
No data available for SIGNOR curated interactions for ACAT1 Gene
Drugs & Compounds for ACAT1 Gene
| Name | Synonyms | Role | CAS Number | PubChem IDs | PubMed IDs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| acetyl-coa |
|
72-89-9 | ||||
| 3-Oxohexanoyl-CoA |
|
19774-86-8 |
|
|||
| Butyryl-CoA |
|
2140-48-9 |
|
Transcripts for ACAT1 Gene
mRNA/cDNA for ACAT1 Gene
- (5) REFSEQ mRNAs :
- (5) Additional mRNA sequences :
- (84) Selected AceView cDNA sequences:
- (12) Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant :
Unigene Clusters for ACAT1 Gene
CRISPR Products
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for ACAT1
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for ACAT1
- GenScript: Design CRISPR guide RNA sequences for ACAT1
miRNA Products
- Search ViGene Biosciences for ACAT1
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene RNAi, siRNA, and shRNA products in human, mouse, rat for ACAT1
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-
ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for ACAT1 gene
Clone Products
-
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- Custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
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- Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat
- Addgene plasmids for ACAT1
- VectorBuilder custom plasmid, inducible vectors for ACAT1
- VectorBuilder custom lentivirus, adenovirus, AAV vector/virus packaging for ACAT1
-
VectorBuilder Other custom vectors
- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
Flow Cytometry Products
| ExUns: | 1a | · | 1b | · | 1c | ^ | 2 | ^ | 3 | ^ | 4 | ^ | 5 | ^ | 6a | · | 6b | ^ | 7 | ^ | 8 | ^ | 9 | ^ | 10a | · | 10b | ^ | 11 | ^ | 12a | · | 12b | ^ | 13a | · | 13b | ^ | 14 | ^ | 15 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP1: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP2: | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP3: | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP4: | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP5: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP6: |
Expression for ACAT1 Gene
mRNA differential expression in normal tissues according to GTEx for ACAT1 Gene
This gene is overexpressed in Liver (x8.7), Heart - Left Ventricle (x4.7), and Muscle - Skeletal (x4.6).
This gene is overexpressed in Liver, secretome (7.2), Kidney (6.6), and Heart (6.3).
Integrated Proteomics: protein expression in normal tissues and cell lines from ProteomicsDB, PaxDb, MaxQB, and MOPED for ACAT1 Gene
- Elite partner
NURSA nuclear receptor signaling pathways regulating expression of ACAT1 Gene:
ACAT1SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster for ACAT1 Gene:
Hs.232375Evidence on tissue expression from TISSUES for ACAT1 Gene
- Liver(4.6)
- Nervous system(4.4)
- Kidney(2.3)
- Heart(2.2)
- Muscle(2.1)
Phenotype-based relationships between genes and organs from Gene ORGANizer for ACAT1 Gene
Germ Layers:
- ectoderm
- endoderm
Systems:
- digestive
- nervous
Organs:
Head and neck:
- brain
- head
Thorax:
- esophagus
Abdomen:
- stomach
Primer Products
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs for ACAT1
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for ACAT1
No data available for mRNA expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells from LifeMap Discovery and mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt for ACAT1 Gene
Orthologs for ACAT1 Gene
This gene was present in the common ancestor of eukaryotes.
| Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | ACAT1 34 35 |
|
||
| cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | ACAT1 34 35 |
|
||
| oppossum (Monodelphis domestica) |
Mammalia | ACAT1 35 |
|
OneToOne | |
| mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Acat1 34 16 35 |
|
||
| dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | ACAT1 34 35 |
|
||
| rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
Mammalia | Acat1 34 |
|
||
| platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) |
Mammalia | -- 35 |
|
OneToMany | |
| -- 35 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| chicken (Gallus gallus) |
Aves | ACAT1 34 35 |
|
||
| lizard (Anolis carolinensis) |
Reptilia | ACAT1 35 |
|
OneToOne | |
| tropical clawed frog (Silurana tropicalis) |
Amphibia | acat1 34 |
|
||
| Str.5645 34 |
|
||||
| African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) |
Amphibia | Xl.25595 34 |
|
||
| zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii | acat1 34 35 |
|
||
| wufb49g01 34 |
|
||||
| rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) |
Actinopterygii | Omy.10615 34 |
|
||
| fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) |
Insecta | CG10932 36 34 35 |
|
||
| African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae) |
Insecta | AgaP_AGAP011329 34 |
|
||
| worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) |
Secernentea | kat-1 34 35 |
|
||
| T02G5.8 36 |
|
|
|||
| T02G5.7 36 35 |
|
||||
| T02G5.4 36 |
|
|
|||
| baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) |
Saccharomycetes | ERG10 34 35 37 |
|
||
| K. lactis yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis) |
Saccharomycetes | KLLA0D12056g 34 |
|
||
| A. gosspyii yeast (Ashbya gossypii) |
Saccharomycetes | AGOS_ADR165C 34 |
|
||
| thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) |
eudicotyledons | ACAT2 34 |
|
||
| rice (Oryza sativa) |
Liliopsida | Os09g0252100 34 |
|
||
| Os.12579 34 |
|
||||
| barley (Hordeum vulgare) |
Liliopsida | Hv.5436 34 |
|
||
| corn (Zea mays) |
Liliopsida | Zm.16489 34 |
|
||
| sea squirt (Ciona savignyi) |
Ascidiacea | -- 35 |
|
OneToOne | |
| fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) |
Schizosaccharomycetes | erg10 34 |
|
||
| bread mold (Neurospora crassa) |
Ascomycetes | NCU02571 34 |
|
||
| sea squirt (Ciona intestinalis) |
Ascidiacea | Cin.2943 34 |
|
- Species where no ortholog for ACAT1 was found in the sources mined by GeneCards:
-
- Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- Alicante grape (Vitis vinifera)
- alpha proteobacteria (Wolbachia pipientis)
- amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum)
- Archea (Pyrococcus horikoshii)
- beta proteobacteria (Neisseria meningitidis)
- Chromalveolata (Phytophthora infestans)
- common water flea (Daphnia pulex)
- E. coli (Escherichia coli)
- filamentous fungi (Aspergillus nidulans)
- Firmicute bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- green algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
- honey bee (Apis mellifera)
- loblloly pine (Pinus taeda)
- malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
- medicago trunc (Medicago Truncatula)
- moss (Physcomitrella patens)
- orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
- pig (Sus scrofa)
- rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)
- schistosome parasite (Schistosoma mansoni)
- sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
- sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
- sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
- soybean (Glycine max)
- stem rust fungus (Puccinia graminis)
- sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
- toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
- Trichoplax (Trichoplax adhaerens)
- wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Paralogs for ACAT1 Gene
(4) SIMAP similar genes for ACAT1 Gene using alignment to 6 proteins:
Variants for ACAT1 Gene
| SNP ID | Clin | Chr 11 pos | Sequence Context | AA Info | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs120074140 | Pathogenic, 3-ketothiolase deficiency (3KTD) [MIM:203750] | 108,146,334(+) | GAGGA(A/G)CTGTT | reference, missense | |
| rs120074141 | Pathogenic, 3-ketothiolase deficiency (3KTD) [MIM:203750] | 108,139,009(+) | AAGAC(A/G)GGCTA | reference, missense | |
| rs120074143 | Pathogenic, 3-ketothiolase deficiency (3KTD) [MIM:203750] | 108,146,332(+) | TGGAG(G/T)AGCTG | reference, missense | |
| rs120074145 | Pathogenic, 3-ketothiolase deficiency (3KTD) [MIM:203750] | 108,134,260(+) | GGGTA(A/G)TGTTC | reference, missense | |
| rs120074146 | Pathogenic, 3-ketothiolase deficiency (3KTD) [MIM:203750] | 108,142,545(+) | AAGAA(C/T)AGTAG | reference, missense |
Residual Variation Intolerance Score:
12.5% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Gene Damage Index Score:
7.93;
83.89% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Relevant External Links for ACAT1 Gene
No data available for Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for ACAT1 Gene
Disorders for ACAT1 Gene
(6) MalaCards diseases for ACAT1 Gene - From: OMIM, ClinVar, GeneTests, Orphanet, Swiss-Prot, DISEASES, Novoseek, and GeneCards
| Disorder | Aliases | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|
| alpha-methylacetoacetic aciduria |
|
|
| ketothiolase deficiency |
|
|
| hypermethioninemia, persistent, autosomal dominant, due to methionine adenosyltransferase i/iii deficiency |
|
|
| sitosterolemia |
|
|
| intestinal perforation |
|
|
Search ACAT1 in MalaCards
View complete list of genes associated with diseases
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
THIL_HUMAN- 3-ketothiolase deficiency (3KTD) [MIM:203750]: An inborn error of isoleucine catabolism characterized by intermittent ketoacidotic attacks associated with unconsciousness. Some patients die during an attack or are mentally retarded. Urinary excretion of 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric acid, 2-methylacetoacetic acid, triglylglycine, butanone is increased. It seems likely that the severity of this disease correlates better with the environmental or acquired factors than with the ACAT1 genotype. {ECO:0000269 PubMed:1346617, ECO:0000269 PubMed:1715688, ECO:0000269 PubMed:7728148, ECO:0000269 PubMed:9744475}. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Genatlas disease for ACAT1 Gene
beta-ketothiolase deficiency,recurrent acidosis,ketosis with organic aciduria
Relevant External Links for ACAT1
Publications for ACAT1 Gene
- Molecular cloning and sequence of the complementary DNA encoding human mitochondrial acetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase and study of the variant enzymes in cultured fibroblasts from patients with 3- ketothiolase deficiency. (PMID: 1979337) Fukao T. … Hashimoto T. (J. Clin. Invest. 1990) 2 3 4 22 64
- A common mutation, R208X, identified in Vietnamese patients with mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (T2) deficiency. (PMID: 20156697) Fukao T. … Kondo N. (Mol. Genet. Metab. 2010) 3 22 46 64
- Crystallographic and kinetic studies of human mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase: the importance of potassium and chloride ions for its structure and function. (PMID: 17371050) Haapalainen A.M. … Wierenga R.K. (Biochemistry 2007) 3 4 22 64
- Characterization of N93S, I312T, and A333P missense mutations in two Japanese families with mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency. (PMID: 9744475) Fukao T. … Kondo N. (Hum. Mutat. 1998) 3 4 22 64
- Molecular, biochemical, and clinical characterization of mitochondrial acetoacetyl-coenzyme A thiolase deficiency in two further patients. (PMID: 7728148) Wakazono A. … Hashimoto T. (Hum. Mutat. 1995) 3 4 22 64
Products for ACAT1 Gene
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- VectorBuilder custom plasmid, inducible vectors for ACAT1
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- VectorBuilder Other custom vectors
- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
Sources for ACAT1 Gene
- (1) GeneCards
- (2) HGNC
- (3) EntrezGene
- (4) Swiss-Prot
- (5) Ensembl
- (6) OMIM
- (7) GeneLoc
- (8) Gene Wiki
- (9) UCSC
- (10) PhosphoSitePlus
- (11) GO
- (12) TrEMBL
- (13) InterPro
- (14) ProtoNet
- (15) Blocks
- (16) MGI
- (17) IUBMB
- (18) KEGG
- (19) MINT
- (20) STRING
- (21) IntAct
- (22) Novoseek
- (23) PharmGKB
- (24) DrugBank
- (25) HMDB
- (26) UniGene
- (27) AceView
- (28) RNAdb
- (29) ASD
- (30) ECgene
- (31) GeneAnnot
- (32) CGAP SAGE
- (33) SOURCE
- (34) HomoloGene
- (35) PanEnsembl
- (36) euGenes
- (37) SGD
- (38) FlyBase
- (39) WormBase
- (40) Pseudogene
- (41) DGV
- (42) dbSNP
- (43) GenAtlas
- (44) GeneTests
- (45) HGMD
- (46) GAD
- (47) LSDB
- (48) BGMUT
- (49) HuGE
- (50) eBioscience
- (51) Atlas
- (52) Cell Signaling Technology
- (53) GenBank
- (54) H-invDB
- (55) HORDE
- (56) HUGE
- (57) IMGT
- (58) Leiden
- (59) MILLIPORE
- (60) miRBase
- (61) DME
- (62) NCBI
- (63) OriGene
- (64) PubMed
- (65) R&D Systems
- (66) TGDB
- (67) Tocris
- (68) Abcam
- (69) Novus
- (70) ProSpec
- (71) Sino Biological
- (72) GenScript
- (73) Qiagen
- (74) Cloud-Clone Corp.
- (75) Enzo Life Sciences
- (76) OCA
- (77) Proteopedia
- (78) MOPED
- (79) SPIRE
- (80) neXtProt
- (81) Reactome
- (82) GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)
- (83) fRNAdb
- (84) DISEASES
- (85) SIMAP
- (86) GenomeRNAi
- (87) LifeMap
- (88) miRTarBase
- (89) MalaCards
- (90) Invitrogen
- (91) BitterDB
- (92) Vector BioLabs
- (93) ESI-BIO
- (94) RefSeq
- (95) BioSystems
- (96) MaxQB
- (97) IUPHAR
- (98) BioGPS
- (99) Illumina
- (100) COMPARTMENTS
- (101) HOMER
- (102) PaxDb
- (103) ApexBio
- (104) Addgene
- (105) antibodies-online
- (106) CYP
- (107) NONCODE
- (108) SwitchGear Genomics
- (109) TreeFam
- (110) PathCards
- (111) GeneReviews
- (112) GeneTex
- (113) Taconic Biosciences
- (114) GTEx
- (115) ProteomicsDB
- (116) SCBT
- (117) DGIdb
- (118) ClinicalTrials
- (119) FDA Approved Drugs
- (120) RVIS
- (121) SIGNOR
- (122) diseasecard
- (123) NIH Rare Diseases
- (124) Orphanet
- (125) UMLS
- (126) GTR
- (127) Disease Ontology
- (128) Genetics Home Reference
- (129) MeSH
- (130) MedlinePlus
- (131) CDC
- (132) NINDS
- (133) NCBI Bookshelf
- (134) ClinVar
- (135) Gene Damage Index
- (136) ViGene Biosciences
- (137) HPO
- (138) UDN
- (139) VISTA
- (140) FANTOM5
- (141) ENCODE
- (142) ProSci
- (143) Horizon
- (144) NURSA
- (145) IID
- (146) Cyagen
- (147) VectorBuilder
- (148) SNPedia
- (149) BRCA Exchange
- (150) St John's Lab
- (151) CIViC
- (152) ProteoGenix
- (153) dbSUPER
- (154) TISSUES
- (155) Gene ORGANizer