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ABT1 Gene

protein-coding GIFtS: 50
GCID: GC06P026597

Activator Of Basal Transcription 1

See ABT1-related diseases
at

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(According to ¹HGNC, ²Entrez Gene,
³UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ⁴UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁵OMIM, ⁶GeneLoc, ⁷Ensembl, ⁸DME, ⁹miRBase, ¹⁰fRNAdb, ¹²H-InvDB, ¹³NCBI, ¹⁴NONCODE, and/or ¹⁵RNAdb)
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Aliases
Activator Of Basal Transcription 1¹ ²
Basal Transcriptional Activator² ³
hABT1² ³
TATA-Binding Protein-Binding Protein²

External Ids:	HGNC: 17369¹	Entrez Gene: 29777²	Ensembl: ENSG00000146109⁷	UniProtKB: Q9ULW3³

Export aliases for ABT1 gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC06P026654 GC06P026705 GC06P026540

(According to Entrez Gene, GeneCards, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
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Entrez Gene summary for ABT1 Gene:

Basal transcription of genes by RNA polymerase II requires the interaction of TATA-binding protein (TBP) with the

core region of class II promoters. Studies in mouse suggest that the protein encoded by this gene likely

activates basal transcription from class II promoters by interaction with TBP and the class II promoter DNA.

(provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008)

GeneCards Summary for ABT1 Gene:

ABT1 (activator of basal transcription 1) is a protein-coding gene. Diseases associated with ABT1 include roberts syndrome, and spinocerebellar ataxia type 17. GO annotations related to this gene include transcription coactivator activity and RNA binding.

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: ABT1_HUMAN, Q9ULW3

Function: Could be a novel TATA-binding protein (TBP) which can function as a basal transcription activator. Can

act as a regulator of basal transcription for class II genes (By similarity)

(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 75), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
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RefSeq DNA sequence at NCBI GenBank:

NC_000006.11 NC_018917.2 NT_007592.16

Regulatory elements:

Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the ABT1 gene promoter:
TBP FOXD1 LCR-F1 Evi-1 GATA-2 NRF-2 FOXO1a ATF6 FOXO1
Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmid: ABT1 promoter sequence

Search Chromatin IP Primers for ABT1

Epigenetics:

DNA Methylation CpG Assay Predesigned for Pyrosequencing in human, mouse, rat ABT1

Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 6p22.2 Ensembl cytogenetic band: 6p22.2 HGNC cytogenetic band: 6p21.31

ABT1 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
ABT1 gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 6 GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC06P026597: view genomic region (about GC identifiers)

Start:	26,597,171 bp from pter	End:	26,600,278 bp from pter
Size:	3,108 bases	Orientation:	plus strand

(According to ¹UniProtKB, HORDE, ²neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, Cloud-Clone Corp., eBioscience, and/or antibodies-online,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, Cloud-Clone Corp., eBioscience, and/or antibodies-online, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, Cloud-Clone Corp, antibodies-online, and/or others.)
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UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: ABT1_HUMAN, Q9ULW3 (See protein sequence)

Recommended Name: Activator of basal transcription 1

Size: 272 amino acids; 31079 Da

Subunit: Interacts with ESF1/ABTAP (By similarity). Interacts with IGHMBP2

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for ABT1: NX_Q9ULW3

Explore proteomics data for ABT1 at MOPED

Post-translational modifications:

Ubiquitination² at Lys146

Modification sites at PhosphoSitePlus

See ABT1 Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED, PaxDB, and MaxQB

REFSEQ proteins: NP_037507.1

ENSEMBL proteins:

ENSP00000274849

ABT1 Human Recombinant Protein Products:

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(According to HGNC, IUPHAR, InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
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1 InterPro protein domain:

IPR012677 Nucleotide-bd_a/b_plait

Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry Q9ULW3

ProtoNet protein and cluster: Q9ULW3

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: ABT1_HUMAN, Q9ULW3

Similarity: Belongs to the ESF2/ABP1 family

Similarity: Contains 1 RRM (RNA recognition motif) domain

Find genes that share domains with ABT1 About GenesLikeMe

(According to ¹UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or ²DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013, genOway,
transcription factor targeting from QIAGEN and/or HOMER, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase, shRNA from OriGene, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, SwitchGear Genomics, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from OriGene, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs and/or Addgene, Cell Lines from GenScript, ESI BIO, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Flow cytometry from eBioscience, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Apr 2014 via Entrez Gene.)
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Molecular Function:

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary: ABT1_HUMAN, Q9ULW3

Function: Could be a novel TATA-binding protein (TBP) which can function as a basal transcription activator. Can

act as a regulator of basal transcription for class II genes (By similarity)

Gene Ontology (GO): Selected molecular function terms (see all 6): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0000166	nucleotide binding	IEA	--
GO:0003677	DNA binding	IEA	--
GO:0003713	transcription coactivator activity	TAS	10648625
GO:0003723	RNA binding	--	--
GO:0005515	protein binding	IPI	19299493

Find genes that share ontologies with ABT1 About GenesLikeMe

Phenotypes:
1 GenomeRNAi human phenotype for ABT1:

Decreased number of cells in m

Animal Models:

genOway: Develop your customized and physiologically relevant rodent model for ABT1

miRNA Products:		miRTarBase miRNAs that target ABT1: hsa-mir-98-5p (MIRT027859), hsa-mir-196a-5p (MIRT026032), hsa-mir-124-3p (MIRT023111), hsa-let-7d-5p (MIRT032165), hsa-mir-328-3p (MIRT043755), hsa-mir-193b-3p (MIRT041584), hsa-mir-615-3p (MIRT039696), hsa-mir-186-5p (MIRT044910)

		Block miRNA regulation of human, mouse, rat ABT1 using miScript Target Protectors
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Gene Editing
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In Situ Assay
Products:

Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for ABT1

(According to UniProtKB, COMPARTMENTS Subcellular localization database, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Apr 2014 via Entrez Gene.)
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Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

ABT1_HUMAN, Q9ULW3: Nucleus (By similarity). Nucleus, nucleolus (By similarity)

Subcellular locations from COMPARTMENTS:

Compartment	Confidence
nucleus	4
cytosol	2

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Gene Ontology (GO): 3 cellular component terms: About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0005634	nucleus	TAS	10648625
GO:0005667	transcription factor complex	IEA	--
GO:0005730	nucleolus	IEA	--

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(SuperPaths according to PathCards, Pathways according to R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Sino Biological, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to QIAGEN, and/or STRING, Interactions according to ¹UniProtKB, ²MINT, ³I2D, and/or ⁴STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Apr 2014 via Entrez Gene).
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Custom Pathway & Disease-focused RT² Profiler PCR Arrays for ABT1
Interactions:

GeneGlobe Interaction Network for ABT1

STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 25)

Selected Interacting proteins for ABT1 (Q9ULW3³ ENSP00000274849⁴) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 81)

Interactant		Interaction Details
GeneCard	External ID(s)	Interaction Details
TBP	P20226³, ENSP00000230354⁴	I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000230354
NCAM2	O15394³	I2D: score=1
PRNP	P04156³	I2D: score=1
NOL10	ENSP00000371101⁴	STRING: ENSP00000371101
AATF	ENSP00000225402⁴	STRING: ENSP00000225402

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Gene Ontology (GO): 3 biological process terms: About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0006357	regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter	IEA	--
GO:0006366	transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter	IEA	--
GO:0021522	spinal cord motor neuron differentiation	IEA	--

Find genes that share ontologies with ABT1 About GenesLikeMe

(Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience, ApexBio, HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, Ligands according to IUPHAR, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB)
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Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore

Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

Browse compounds at ApexBio

Browse Tocris compounds for ABT1

8 Novoseek inferred chemical compound relationships for ABT1 gene About this table

Compound	-log (P-Val)	Hits	PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
tbps	79.9	1	8253078 (1)
glutamine	27.6	4	15977647 (1), 18043721 (1)
rrna	13.6	1	9843972 (1)
s-adenosylmethionine	4.88	1	9878798 (1)
zinc	4.56	1	10819460 (1)
tyrosine	0	1	8094701 (1)
leucine	0	1	15659240 (1)
alanine	0	1	8577725 (1)

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(Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
Unigene (Build 236 Homo sapiens; Apr 25 2013) or GenBank,
RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN, SwitchGear Genomics,
Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, and/or Addgene, Primers from OriGene, and/or QIAGEN, Flow cytometry from eBioscience )
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REFSEQ mRNAs for ABT1 gene:

NM_013375.3

Unigene Cluster for ABT1:

Activator of basal transcription 1

Hs.254406 [show with all ESTs]

Unigene Representative Sequence: NM_013375

1 Ensembl transcript including schematic representation, and UCSC links where relevant:

ENST00000274849(uc003nii.3)

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		GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector: ABT1 (NM_013375)
		DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene Synthesis Service for ABT1
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		QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat ABT1

Additional mRNA sequence:

AB027258.1 BC048812.1 BC066313.1

10 DOTS entries:

DT.415322 DT.100806016 DT.40228669 DT.100806004 DT.100806013 DT.121323758 DT.91756269 DT.95211608

DT.121323754 DT.454223

Selected AceView cDNA sequences (see all 261):

CR590058 BU957265 AA598460 AI583692 BU741142 AA897258 BQ218007 BU839333

BU188987 CR613442 AA907132 BF111304 BM726847 AI207160 BQ682982 AI659897

BM803677 BM810656 AW297681 BE328097 BU179656 BM772523 BU632184 CB111790

GeneLoc Exon Structure

(RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE ¹MOPED, ²PaxDb, and ³MaxQB, plus additional links to SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
PCR Arrays from QIAGEN, Primers from OriGene, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
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ABT1 expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
About this imageBioGPS <intensity>^2/3
CGAP TAG: GAGTTTTGTG

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ABT1 Protein expression data from MOPED¹, PaxDb² and MaxQB³:

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ABT1 Protein Expression

SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.254406

Custom PCR Arrays for ABT1

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In Situ
Assay Products:

Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for ABT1

(Orthologs according to ^1,2HomoloGene (²older version, for species not in ¹newer version), ³euGenes, ⁴SGD , ⁵MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or ⁶Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
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This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals and fungi.

Orthologs for ABT1 gene from Selected species (see all 14) About this table

Organism	Taxonomic classification	Gene	Description	Human Similarity	Orthology Type	Details
mouse (Mus musculus)	Mammalia	Abt1^{1 , 5}	activator of basal transcription 1^{1, 5}	78.83(n)¹ 79.47(a)¹		13 (9.65 cM)⁵ 30946¹ NM_013924.3¹ NP_038952.1¹ 23421539⁵
lizard (Anolis carolinensis)	Reptilia	ABT1⁶	activator of basal transcription 1	50(a)	1 ↔ 1	2(69678977-69684060)
African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)	Amphibia	MGC52939²	similar to activator of basal transcription	73.38(n)		BC041500.1
zebrafish (Danio rerio)	Actinopterygii	abt1¹	activator of basal transcription 1	56.46(n) 58.37(a)		553568 NM_001020547.1 NP_001018383.1
fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)	Insecta	CG32708⁶ CG41562⁶ (see all 6)	--	31(a) 29(a) (see all 6)	1 ↔ many 1 ↔ many (see all 6)	X(8979965-8980899) U(5467096-5467810)
worm (Caenorhabditis elegans)	Secernentea	F57B10.8⁶	Protein F57B10.8 (F57B10.8) mRNA, complete cds	26(a)	1 ↔ 1	I(6548644-6550447) WBGene00019005
baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)	Saccharomycetes	ESF2(YNR054C)⁴	Essential nucleolar protein involved in pre-18S rRNA more	--		14(724306-723356) 855790 NP_014452.1

ENSEMBL Gene Tree for ABT1 (if available)
TreeFam Gene Tree for ABT1 (if available)

(Paralogs according to ¹HomoloGene,
²Ensembl, and ³SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to ⁴Pseudogene.org Build 68)
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Paralogs for ABT1 gene

Find genes that share paralogs with ABT1 About GenesLikeMe

1 Pseudogenes.org Pseudogene for ABT1
PGOHUM00000245631

(SNPs/Variants according to the ¹NCBI SNP Database, ²Ensembl, ³PupaSUITE, ⁴UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD), the Human Cytochrome P450 Allele Nomenclature Database, and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays, and Copy Number PCR Arrays from QIAGEN)
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SNP ID	Valid	Clinical significance	Chr 6 pos	Sequence	#	AA Chg	Type	More	#	Allele freq	Pop	Total sample	More
Genomic Data					Transcription Related Data				Allele Frequencies
				--	--	--		--	--
rs73739027^1,2	C,F	--	26595196(+)	`GTTCCA/G/TTTTTT`	1	--	us2k¹		1		WA	2
rs6915407^1,2	C,F	--	26595219(+)	`TCTGGG/ACCTGA`	1	--	us2k¹		1		WA	118
rs35058168^1,2	C	--	26595248(+)	`CGCAT-/GGTGCA`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs6915555^1,2	C,F,A,H	--	26595267(+)	`ATTCAT/GGAATT`	1	--	us2k¹		35		NA EA NS WA CSA	3274
rs78310371^1,2	C	--	26595308(+)	`ACCCTC/GAAAAT`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs3807028^1,2	C,F	--	26595427(+)	`TTCATA/TTTTTT`	1	--	us2k¹ trp³		5		NA WA CSA	8
rs80014529^1,2		--	26595439(+)	`TTTTTG/TTCGGT`	1	--	us2k¹		1		NA	2
rs3807029^1,2	C,F,A	--	26595446(+)	`CGGTTC/TCACGG`	1	--	us2k¹		14		NA WA CSA EA	514
rs192203131^1,2		--	26595478(+)	`ATTGAC/TACTTG`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs182467105^1,2		--	26595643(+)	`CAACAC/TGTGTT`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--

HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for ABT1 (26597171 - 26600278 bp)

Structural Variations
Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) variations for ABT1: --

Site Specific Mutation Identification with PCR Assays

SeqTarget long-range PCR primers for resequencing ABT1

DNA2.0 Custom Variant and Variant Library Synthesis for ABT1

(in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Novoseek, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
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3 diseases for ABT1:
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roberts syndrome spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease

1 inferred disease relationship from the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database for ABT1:

Roberts syndrome

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6 Novoseek inferred disease relationships for ABT1 gene About this table

Disease	-log (P-Val)	Hits	PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
sca17	70.1	2	15193429 (1), 18043721 (1)
spinocerebellar ataxias	48.8	1	15365789 (1)
leukemia t-cell	23.7	1	1996321 (1)
cancer	5.62	1	15337825 (1)
shock	0	2	18028214 (1), 15977647 (1)
tumors	0	1	7834749 (1)

Genetic Association Database (GAD): ABT1
Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: ABT1 (1 document)

Export disorders for ABT1 gene to outside databases

(in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via ¹Entrez Gene, ²UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ³HGNC, ⁴GAD, ⁵PharmGKB, ⁶HMDB, ⁷DrugBank, ⁸UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁹ Novoseek, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
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PubMed articles for ABT1 gene, integrated from 10 sources (see all 198):
(articles sorted by number of sources associating them with ABT1)

Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
world of online information

A novel TATA-binding protein-binding protein, ABT1, activates basal transcription and has a yeast homolog that is essential for growth. (PubMed id 10648625)^{1, 2, 3} Oda T.... Muramatsu M.-A. (Mol. Cell. Biol. 2000)
Biochemical and genetic evidence for a role of IGHMBP2 in the translational machinery. (PubMed id 19299493)^{1, 2} de Planell-Saguer M....Mourelatos Z. (Hum. Mol. Genet. 2009)
The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PubMed id 15489334)^{1, 2} Gerhard D.S.... Malek J. (Genome Res. 2004)
The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6. (PubMed id 14574404)^{1, 2} Mungall A.J.... Beck S. (Nature 2003)
Interlaboratory reproducibility of large-scale human protein-complex analysis by standardized AP-MS. (PubMed id 23455922)¹ Varjosalo M....Superti-Furga G. (Nat. Methods 2013)
Protein phosphatase 1I^ isoforms linked interactions in the brain. (PubMed id 23080069)¹ Esteves S.L....da Cruz e Silva E.F. (J. Mol. Neurosci. 2013)
Initial characterization of the human central proteome. (PubMed id 21269460)² Burkard T.R.... Colinge J. (BMC Syst. Biol. 2011)
A proteome-wide, quantitative survey of in vivo ubiquitylation sites reveals widespread regulatory roles. (PubMed id 21890473)¹ Wagner S.A....Choudhary C. (amp 2011)
Mass spectrometric analysis of lysine ubiquitylation reveals promiscuity at site level. (PubMed id 21139048)¹ Danielsen J.M....Nielsen M.L. (amp 2011)
Dynamics of cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase network revealed by systematic quantitative proteomics. (PubMed id 21145461)¹ Bennett E.J....Harper J.W. (Cell 2010)

(in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
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		AND	OR
Aliases
Disorders
Free Text

Query String		PubMed OMIM NCBI Bookshelf
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(According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
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Entrez Gene: 29777	HGNC: 17369	AceView: ABT1	Ensembl:ENSG00000146109	euGenes: HUgn29777
ECgene: ABT1	H-InvDB: ABT1

(According to HUGE)
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(According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL, and/or others, e.g. Wikipedia and GeneReviews, via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
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Name	Description
PharmGKB entry for ABT1	Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways

Intellectual Property for ABT1 gene
(Patent information from GeneIP, Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts, IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)

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Patent Information for ABT1 gene:
Search GeneIP for patents involving ABT1

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(Antibodies, recombinant proteins, and assays from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, QIAGEN, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, Enzo Life Sciences, Abcam, ProSpec, Cloud-Clone Corp., Thermo Fisher Scientific, eBioscience, antibodies-online, and/or others, Gene Editing from DNA2.0. Clones from OriGene, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, SwitchGear Genomics, Vector BioLabs, Addgene, Cell lines from GenScript, and ESI BIO, Flow cytometery from eBioscience, PCR Arrays from QIAGEN, Drugs and/or compounds from EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or ApexBio, In Situ Hybridization Assays from
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